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PRELIMINARY RESEARCH SURVEY 
FOR THE 

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY FOLKLIFE PROJECT 


Prepared by: 

Peter T. Bartis 
Research Assistant 
American Folklife Center 


July 6, 1978 







s?oa .< 3 - Si 8us/ s l l7 hi 


c^ ]0% 

3*1 


INTRODUCTION: PURPOSE AND SCOPE 





INTRODUCTION: PURPOSE AND SCOPE 


This paper is designed to supply supportive data and 
reference materials to fieldworkers and researchers involved in the 
Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife Project. 

The Blue Ridge Mountains lie on the eastern edge of the 
Appalachians and run from Pennsylvania to Georgia. This majestic 
range, so t. ? ten wrapped in a bluish haze, has been the inspiration 
for voluminous texts of both creative and academic strains. Of 
these materials we are examining only a fraction, and only those that 
shed light on the life, lore, and history of a segment of the range. 

The research team will be examining the traditional 
culture of an area that can be described roughly as the central Blue 
Ridge region, with intensive focus on an area straddling the Virginia- 
North Carolina border. While representative folklife of the Blue 

Ridge area has been copiously documented in the past, a coordinated 

guide offering information on the whereabouts, types, and formats 

of such materials appears not to be available. 

The Southern Mountain region is often regarded as a homo¬ 
geneous collection of people of similar heritage and culture, and 
additionally as a culturally static and economically depressed region 
of the United States. Careful examination of the numerous individual 
studies that have emerged in recent years dispels such notions, and 
we are encouraged to study the region's variety on a sub-regional level. 



















- 2 - 


As early as 1939, in his introduction to These Are Our Lives , a 
work prepared by the Federal Writers' Project in North Carolina, 
Tennessee, and Georgia, W. T. Couch was encouraging a more acute 
focus on detail. 

The life of a community or of a people is, of course, 
made up of the life of individuals, who are of different 
status, perform different functions, and in general have 
widely different experiences and attitudes—so different, 
indeed, as to be almost unimaginable, (p. x) 

Couch's is a plea for community studies. Since his writing, 

study of the life within a community or group of related communities 

has become mere important in Appalachian research. 

Yet there are striking similarities in the Southern 

Mountains, and it is the similarities that have received attention 

since the earliest general studies. It was necessary to examine 

a wide body of these general but informative texts, due to the 

paucity of available material which addresses exclusively the culture 

of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Pertinent data falls under larger 

categories, including "Appalachian," "Southern Mountain," "Southern 

Highlands," and "Upland South," in addition to materials organized 

by state—Virginia and North Carolina. 

Maiy works provide information on the Blue Ridge, but few 

focus on the Blue Ridge alone. Even the most recent and seminal body 

of material, in the special issue of the Appalachian Journal entitled 

A Guide to Appalachian Studies , continues to lump "mountain culture" 













THE REGION 









- 4 - 


THE REGION 


What is the Blue Ridge? 

The Blue Ridge Region extends from southern Pennsylvania 
to northern Georgia and lies between the Ridge and Valley Region 
of the Appalachians on the west and the Piedmont Plateau on the east. 
The general elevation is around 2,500 feet. Its rich valley bottoms 
offer excellent farmland. Oak-hickory forest dominates the entire 
Blue Ridge Region; among the leading varieties are white, red, scarlet 
chestnut, and black oak, and pignut, shagbark, and mockernut hickories 
Pine stands usually indicate younger forest where fire occurred, where 
land was once cleared, or where soil is too sandy for hardwoods. 

The desirable and useful American chestnut was a major part of the 
Appalachian economy until the blight of Asiatic fungus between 1910 
and 1913 which destroyed millions of the trees. 

The chestnut tree, used by Native Americans and settlers 
alike, provided chestnuts for subsistence, split-rail fences, shake 
shingling, huge timber bearjis, and cash from selling tannin extracted 
from its bark and chestnuts. When the chestnut forest was destroyed, 
a key factor in the regional ecosphere was lost. This event, along 
with the construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway in the 1930s, might 
be seen as the beginning of the modern era in this part of the 


United States. 

















- 5 - 


The Blue Ridge and its relationship to the Appalachians and the 

Southern Highlands 

Geographically the Blue Ridge is the main eastern range of the 
Appalachian mountain system. The focus of our study is the area 
where the ridge expands from a narrow sharp rise to broader plateaus 
with peaks, valleys, and deep ravines. The Blue Ridge also forms 
part of a cultural area often referred to as the "Southern Highlands." 

The term was first applied by John Campbell, who "isolated a part of 
the Great Appalachian Province which extends from New York to Central 
Alabama." For a lengthy discussion of regional boundaries readers 
should refer to the early pages in Campbell's The Southern Highlander 
and His Homeland . The following maps depict the region, (next page) 

The terms "Mountain South" or "Southern Mountain" and 
"Upland South" are geographical terms but are not synonomous. While 
"Upland South'' refers to a broad area, "Mountain South" or "Southern 
Mountain" differentiates between the Southern and Central Appalachians 
and the adjoining provinces of the Piedmont and the Ridge and Valley 
regions which have been sometimes included in the "Southern Highlands," 
and it comprises the core of the Upland South including the Blue 
Ridge, Black, Balsam, Plott Balsam, Great Smoky, Cumberland, Allegheny, 
and other mountain ranges. For further discussion of these definitions 
readers should examine various works by Gene Wilhelm, Jr.; Rupert B. 

Vance, "The Region: A New Survey," in Thomas R. Ford, ed.. The Southern 
Appalachian Region: A Survey , p. 2; W. D. Thornbury, Regional Geomorphology 

























































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- 6 - 


of the United States , p. 72; Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier 
in American History , pp. 46 and 164-165; and Fred B. Kniffen, "Folk 
Housing: Key to Diffusion," pp. 549-577. Turner is credited with 
the origin of the term "Upland South." 

Jurisdiction 

Most of the Blue Ridge area is under the jurisdiction of two 
federal agencies: The National Park Service and the United States 
Forest Service. The National Park Service operates the Blue Ridge 
Parkway, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Shenandoah 
National Park, the Catoctin Mountain Park, and Harpers Ferry National 
Historic Park. In addition to its forest preserves, the United States 
Forest Service operates several recreational areas in Cohutta and 
Ellicott Rock Wilderness, James River Face Wilderness, Linville Gorge, 
Mount Rogers National Recreation Area, and Shiny Rock. There are, 
in addition, three state parks in our project area. These are Fairy 
Stone State Park in Patrick County, Virginia; Mount Jefferson State 
Park in Ashe County, North Carolina; and Stone Mountain State Park 
in Wilkes County, North Carolina. 

There is a long and interesting history preceding the actual 
proposal by Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia to establish the Blue 
Ridge Parkway. Much of the appreciation for this natural area was a 
result of the efforts of George Freeman Pollock, who founded a summer 

































- 7 - 


resort, "Skyland," in what is now the Shenandoah Valley. Pollock soon 
became known as a one-man army fighting to preserve this region. 
Construction for the Parkway began in 1933 as a Public Works 
Administration project in order to build a road that would connect 
the Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountain National Parks. It became a 
unit of the National Park Service in 1936. It winds for 469 miles 
through 90,761 acres and was designed to protect the varied highland 
character and to illustrate its characteristic floral and faunal 
abundance. 

The Region's People 

The immediate region we are examining has a complex and 
diverse settlement history, in general representative of the Upland 
South. It has been nourished by two of the most fertile and in¬ 
fluential culture zones in the United States—the Tidewater Virginia 
region and that region comprised by southern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Delaware, and Maryland, which Henry Glassie, among others, regards 
as "the smallest though perhaps most influential of the material folk 
culture regions" ( Pattern , p. 235). 

Although exploring parties entered the Blue Ridge as early 
as 1671, when Captain Thomas Batt conducted an expedition from what is 
presently known as Petersburg, Virginia, the area was at first slow to 
be settled. The first notable movement into the Blue Ridge came through 
Pennsylvania via the. Shenandoah Valley of Virginia when immigrants who 










- 8 - 


had landed in Philadelphia and Delaware ports pushed inland in search 

of a place to settle. Many Scotch-Irish immigrants from northern 

Ireland and Germans from the Palatinate arrived in a first wave between 

1720-1770. Once entering the region, many of them and their descendants 

channeled southward and spread along the range. The Pennsylvania- 

Shenandoah Valley migration pattern met a movement westward from the 

Virginia and Carolina Piedmont beginning in the later 18th century. 

The westward migration from the South received a new impetus with the 

decline in the price of cotton and tobacco in the period from 1830 to 

1850. That the majority of initial settlers in the western Piedmont 

of North Carolina came from or through the Shenandoah Valley has been 

shown by Robert W. Ramsey in his work Carolina Cradle: Settlement of the 

Northwest Carolina Frontier. 1747-1762 (1964). German settlements 

along the Blue Ridge itself were largely on the westward slope. 

Much has been made of the Anglo-Saxon stock of the Upland 

South. In noting the features that made the area distinctive, Allen 

Eaton observed In Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands : 

For generations people of the Highlands and the 
Lowlands mingled with one another as little as 
though they belonged to different countries, and 
until quite recently it was customary to refer to 
anyone outside the region as a foreigner, (p. 44). 

Although Campbell's work The Southern Highlander and His Homeland 

suggests that the area has the purest Anglo-Saxon stock in the United 

States, these general observations should be treated with caution. 











- 9 - 


Isolation was less intense than is sometimes supposed, and there have 
been longstanding components of non-English-language groups and blacks 
in the region. Campbell in 1910 noted that the black population was 
concentrated in "cities of the Highlands, in the Greater Valley, 
especially in its southern reaches, and in the larger accessible 
valleys of the Blue Ridge Belt" (p. 75). 

It is difficult to evaluate the history and role of blacks 
in this region. In their article "The Sociology of Southern Appalachia" 
(in A Guide to Appalachian Studies ) Walls and Billings have recently 
restated the need to study black Appalachians. They note that 
"Surprisingly little attention has been paid to racial and ethnic 
minority groups, a shortcoming which has bolstered the old stereotype 
of Appalachia as a bastion of Anglo-Saxon stock" (p. 136). 














A CULTURAL OVERVIEW 















- 10 - 


A CULTURAL OVERVIEW 

Several excellent texts may be consulted to obtain an 
overview of the Southern Mountain region. Although dated, works such 
as Campbell's The Southern Highlander and His Homeland , Horace Kephart's 
Our Southern Highlanders , and Samuel H. Thompson's The Highlanders of the 
South contain valuable information, including specific mention of 
the Blue Ridge sector. With these early works arrived the first general 
studies of the Southern Mountains, and their bibliographies should be 
examined for further citations. The more recent works by Wilhelm 
and Glassie, though specifically categorized as folklife studies in this 
survey, provide clear and insightful general discussions of the region 
as well. Perusal of the portly compilation entitled Virginia Books 
and Pamphlets Presently Available (BAPPA) may provide additional leads 
and citations in tangential areas. , 

Two texts have recently emerged that reflect an increasing 
interest in revitalizing folklife studies in and on the South. These 
are Appalachian Journal 's special issue A Guide to Appalachian Studies 
and Southern Exposure 's volume Long Journey Home: Folklife in the South , 
both published in 1977. The format of these works illustrates a major 
change in the scholarly posture. These recent "required" readings are 
compilations of specialized articles which answer the need for more 
detailed study. Both works contain seminal articles covering a wide 
range of subjects as well as useful bibliographic and discographic data. 







































































- 11 - 


Long Journey Home: Folklife in the South should also be consulted for 
valuable discussions of study centers throughout the South. Also of 
note is an effort by the North Carolina Folklore Journal entitled 
The All Appalachian Issue (volume 16, number 3, November 1968). Several 
excellent bibliographies may be useful in developing an approach 
to the region and serve as guides to general resources. These are 
listed in the Bibliography under the category "General Resources." 

Since this report is somewhat deficient in the area of film resources, 
readers may wish to take special note of Robert J. Higgs' "Filmography 
of Southern Appalachia" in Bibliography of Southern Appalachia , edited 
by Charlotte Ross. 

It may be useful to view the resource materials available to 
students of Blue Ridge culture as fitting within three general cate¬ 
gories, each contributing in some way to an understanding of the region: 

1) non-fictional and historiographic materials, 2) literary works, 
which amount to fictional ethnographies, c^nd 3) folklife studies. 

The following brief sections highlight the important reference tools 
for researchers examining a specific area in greater depth. While 
some insights are offered and key materials outlined, readers should 
turn to the bibliographic section for fuller coverage of available studies. 

Non-Fictional and Historiographic Materials 

This section contains the broadest range of materials. 

Many of the items have no special relationship with the Blue Ridge 






























- 12 - 


other than the fact that they deal with mountain communities. A 
large proportion of them might be described as sociological in orienta¬ 
tion, beginning with the earliest works by Kephart and Campbell and 
continuing through the 1960s. Harry M. Caudill's works were very 
influential during the 1960s and brought the plight and problems 
of mountain people to national attention--particularly concerning 
the coal industry and strip mining. Caudill's Night Comes to the 
Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area (1963) rekindled the embers 
of early studies focusing on the region as "depressed." Many works 
followed which assessed rural change, adaptation, and resettlement. 

One which directly addresses the issue is Change in Rural Appalachia : 
Implications for Action Programs (1971), edited by John D. Photiadis 
and Harry Schwarzweller. 

Besides sociological and ethnographic items, this broad 
heading of non-fictional and non-folkloric resources includes materials 
that provide information related to the specific counties being studied 
in this project. The few works which comprise the latter category 
consist primarily of genealogy and local history. Of the works which 
discuss the Blue Ridge, Bake and Wilhelm provide the most information 
and discussion of the Parkway. George Freeman Pollock's Skyland, 

The Heart of the Shenandoah National Park provides an interesting account 
of the development of the park and region which was a significant in¬ 
fluence on the formation of the Parkway. 


































- 13 - 


Works specifically about the study area are generally not 
very useful. One recent work compiled and edited by Bettye-Lou Fields, 
entitled Grayson County: A History in Words and Pictures , is an 
exception and should be examined for its sections relating to houses, 
community members, and local gossip, as well as its array of 
photographs. Much of the history that is included may have been 
recorded from oral tradition. 

Literary Works: The Fictional Ethnography 

Folklorists have long discussed the benefits and the 
accompanying problems resulting from the use of the creative literary 
works of "local color," "homespun," or "regional" writers. At best 
some literary works are fictional ethnographies that illustrate community 
ethos and preserve legends, stories, local history, and general gossip. 
Especially important are their use of dialect, and their reflection 
of a general repertoire of proverbs and beliefs to which the writer 
has been exposed. But an untrained researcher can misgauge the writer's 
fidelity and fail to account for creative input. Nevertheless, if 
attuned to these problems, researchers will find literature about the 
region, especially when written by community members, of considerable 
interest. 

There are numerous standard and wide-ranging bibliographies 
pertaining to Southern literature and Appalachian literature. A Biblio¬ 
graphical G ui de to the Stud y of Southe rn Litera ture, edited by Louis D. 























- 14 - 


Rubin, is check!isted by topic and author and should be used in con¬ 
junction with a volume entitled Southern Literature 1968-1975: A 
Checklist of Scholarship , edited by Jerry T. Williams (1978), which 
is useful in surveying critical insights. Another general work is 
Ot'is W. Coan and Richard G. Liliard*s America in Fiction: An Annotated 
List of Novels that Interpret Aspects of Life in the United States , 

Canada and Mexico (1967). More specific in scope is Wei ford Dunaway 
Taylor's Virginia Authors: Past and Present (1972); researchers should 
consult especially the brief section entitled "A Research Guide to 
Virginia Writers," which discusses sources consulted in compiling 
the text. In addition, Taylor has included enough biographic information 
for readers to select authors whose works reflect a region such as south¬ 
western Virginia. 

Bibliographic works and anthologies under the rubric 
"Appalachian" clearly are useful for study of the Blue Ridge. Among 
these are the Bibliography of Southern Appalachia (i976), edited by 
Charlotte Ross; Louise Boger's The Southern Mountaineer in Literature 
(1964); and Cratis Williams' dissertation "The Southern Mountaineer 
in Fact and fiction," which also appeared in Appalachian Journal 
(volume 3) in abridged form. Williams is a diligent student of the 
literature of the mountain people, an active member of the North 
Carolina Folklore Society, and Dean of the Graduate School at Appalachian 
State University. Rather than providing more citations here, readers 



































































# 


























- 15 - 


are directed to a fertile article by Jim Wayne Miller, "Appalachian 

Literature," in A Guide to Appalachian Studies (1977), which provides 

sufficient introductory data. Readers should be aware that "Appalachian" 

material covers a wide geographical area, and that many of the works 

cited have a strong Kentucky and Tennessee flavor. 

The works of Harden E. Taliaferro will prove to be of 

special interest for students of the central Blue Ridge region. 

Taliaferro (pronounced "Tolliver"), whose works have been frequently 

discussed by folklorists, was a Baptist minister and a native of 

Surry County, North Carolina, who returned to his boyhood home in 

1857 after an absence of 28 years. Shortly afterwards he recounted his 

boyhood memories in Fisher's River Scenes and Characters , which he wrote 

under 'the pseudonym "Skitt." He presents the setting this way: 

Surry County is one of the northwestern counties of 
North Carolina, and joins Grayson, Carroll, and Patrick 
counties, Virginia. These scenes are laid in the extreme 
northwestern part of this country. It is a romantic section 
and produces a people equally romantic. 

Further on he offers yet another testament linking the people of these 

North Carolina counties to Virginia. He states that the people "came 

mostly from Virginia, and a portion of them from the middle and lower 

parts of North Carolina, and a few from other sections-a sufficient 

number from all parts to make a singular and pleasing variety." The 

main settlement thrust he tells us came from "Fudginny." Also of 

interest is Carolina Humor , a compilation of articles originally published 


in the Southern Literary Messenger from November 1860 to October 1863. 











. 



























































































- 16 - 


For more material concerning Taliaferro, readers are directed to 
articles by Williams and Whiting, cited in the bibliography. 

Works by Hammer and West are also of special interest. 

Earl Hammer Jr.'s Spencer's Mountain (1962) and The Homecoming (1970) 
concern life in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Spencer's Mountain is about 
a boy's life and reflects much of Hammer's years as a boy growing up 
in Nelson County--a county located along the Parkway in the Virginia 
Blue Ridge. The Homecoming is about a Christmas visit back to Spencer's 
Mountain. The autobiographical novel Time Was (1965), set in Wilkes 
County, North Carolina, was recently reissued. Its author, John Foster 
West, taught English and was a former president of the North Carolina 
Folklore' Society. He has also contributed scholarly work on dialect 
studies in the Southern Mountains to the North Carolina Folklore Journal . 
See the Abrams article for a discussion of West's use of folklore. 
















. 



FOLKLIFE STUDIES 












- 17 - 


FOLKLIFE STUDIES 

FIELDWORK: A Drief Survey and History of Collecting in the Study 
Region and Near Vicinity 

Field Collecting Prior to 1950 

Much folk cultural fieldwork has been done in the central 
Blue Ridge area. The goals and methods for collectors in the area 
closely parallel the growth and development of folklife studies at the 
national level. The early field excursions were often launched in 
response to and in accordance with particular social and academic 
movements. Before beginning chronological discussion of fieldwork, 
we would do well to consider three classes of fieldworkers. Fieldwork 
efforts might be divided among 1) those who engaged in active 
fieldwork in order to view and report first-hand the condition and 
lifestyle of the rural and mountain poor whites; 2) those whose collecting 
was part of a growing movement to locate and define an "American" 
folklore along regional lines; and 3) a scholarly, academic group, 
labeled by Wilgus as the "musical esthetic tradition," who were often 
affiliated with English departments and who continued to study the 
ballad as the folk counterpart of literature. It is sometimes difficult 
to distinguish between the "academic" and "regional" collectors, but 
often we can see a difference in the manner of presentation and quality 
of comparative data supplied. 

Field researchers such as John C. Campbell, Allen H. Eaton, 
and Horace Kephart, who sought to reveal the social conditions of the 




























- 18 - 


poor mountaineers, saw much that conflicted with the wealth and social 
ideals of America during the first part of the present century, and 
noted the pitiful and distraught conditions that had changed little 
over the years. Their interest in increasing economic production led 
to efforts to cultivate "home industries" and the practice of crafts. 

The Russell Sage Foundation, which launched so many efforts in the 
Southern Mountains, was established in 1907 by Mrs. Russell Sage "for 
the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States." 

The Foundation's support of Eaton led to the publication in 1937 of 
his Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands , a text based on his 
extensive travel and evaluation of home industries in 235 counties in 
the highland region. Eaton's work, described by Rayna Green as a 
"rigorous ethnography," is typical of one approach to highland culture. 

By 1941 the Russell Sage Foundation had established the 
Department Of Arts and Social Work with Eaton as its first director, 
thus clearly illustrating the Foundation's goals and viewpoints. Prior 
to this time numerous regional schools and departments focused on what 
has been termed "handicrafts," "home industries, ' or "fireside industries. 
The Appalachian production of many traditional crafts items as a result 
of this social movement is rightly termed a "revival." Many schools, 
opened through various auspices, focused on craft training from 
the late 1890s till about 1940, the period when Eaton's book first 
appeared. The first efforts are often attributed to Berea College's 
President Dr. William Goodell Frost, who began to accept coverlets and 
other handicraft products as barter in exchange for tuition. Other 

































































- 19 - 


training programs which emerged were affiliated with religious missions 
and local finishing schools for girls. In the Madison and Buncombe 
County region of North Carolina, Francis Goodwin Goodrich, a social 
worker of the Women's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church, 
began to focus on crafts in 1895 and soon afterwards developed the 
Allanstand Cottage Industries. After Berea and Allanstand, many 
other schools and industries followed suit, especially in the further 
southern reaches of the Highlands. Among them were Biltmore Industries 
near Asheville in 1901; the Hindman (Kentucky) Settlement School in 
1912; and the Berry School near Rome, Georgia, in 1902. In 1920 
Rosemont Industries was organized by the Farm Bureau at Marion, 

Smyth County, Virginia with the assistance of Laura Copenhaver. In 
1922, a weaving department was added to the Crossnore School in Avery 
County, North Carolina. In the same year the Blue Ridge Weavers 
were established by Mr. and Mrs. George A. Cathey in Tryon, North 
Carolina. A handicrafts course was begun at the Blue Ridge Industrial 
School in Greene County, Virginia, in 1926; a Crafts Guild was formed 
at the John C. Campbell Folk School at Brasstown, Cherokee County, 

North Carolina, in 1927; and the Shenandoah Commmunity Workers was 
organized a-; Bird Haven, Shenandoah County, Virginia, in that same year. 
While many of the organizers of these schools were not "fieldworkers" 
in a strict sense, they did consistently examine the artistic expressions 
of their locality. The growth and development of these programs reflected 




















- 20 - 


a nationally recognized concern and had much to do with the approval 
on February 23, 1917, of the Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Bill by 
the U. S. Congress. The bill provided for cooperation with the states 
in promoting education and training in agriculture and the trades and 
industries, and cooperation with the states in preparing teachers of 
vocational subjects. 

The result of such enterprises and schools was to standardize 
products, increase productivity, and perpetuate traditional crafts in 
new economic circumstances, making it difficult for fieldworkers 
today to find craftspeople not influenced by the "revival" and its 
educational institutions. The emphasis in training was for the prevailing 
industry of the particular region: mill and textile work on the border 
belt of the mountains, and woodworking, coal, and iron in the forest 
areas. Such integration with the regional economy further demonstrates 
the need for fieldworkers to familiarize themselves with the history of 
such schools in their region. 

One might suggest that a key impetus for the arts and crafts 
revival was the interest in and influence of Morris and Ruskin in the 
1890s. Scholars were becoming increasingly fascinated with the innate 
integrity in the common man's "simple life," while others, seeing the 
hardship, fought to increase their job potential and to improve their 
lot. For an example of the merger of social studies and concern for 












- 21 - 


traditional culture, students should examine John C. Campbell's 
The Southern Highlander and His Homeland or Kephart's Our Southern 
Highlanders . Eaton's work is excellent for describing the location 
and emphasis of each school in the highlands at the time of his writing, 
and he is most articulate concerning programs of economic assistance 
involving crafts. For a more current view of crafts and economic de¬ 
velopment, see Charles Counts' Encouraging American Handicrafts: Wh at 
Role in Economic Development? (Washington, 1966) and Jonathan Williams' 
"The Southern Appalachians" in Crafts Horizons , volume 26 (June 1966). 

With the publication of Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads 
by John Lomax in 1910, the modern era of folksong collecting in the 
United States began. Not only did it proclaim the existence of 
"American folksongs" as opposed to British folksongs found in America, 
but its scope encouraged further regional collecting. By 1915 one 
can witness the emergence of regional studies in folklore and the 
growth of many state folklore societies. Both the Virginia and North 
Carolina folklore societies offered a podium for regional collectors 
and encouraged fieldwork in their respective states. The Virginia 
Folklore Society was founded in 1913. Major figures were Arthur Kyle 
Davis, Jr., and C. Alphonso Smith, both of whom were associated with the 
University of Virginia. Early work in North Carolina and by its society 
is credited to Frank C. Brown of Duke University. A significant amount 
of his work focused on the Carolina Appalachians until his death in 
1943. Brown was an avid collector who reaped a rich harvest. In two 
and one half months in 1939, for example, he traveled 2500 miles in the 

























- 22 - 


North Carolina mountains and recorded 225 songs. Another active and well- 
known member of the North Carolina society was Arthur Palmer Hudson of the 
University of North Carolina. Academic folklorists formed a significant 
part of the regional societies and often were the driving and inspiring 
force behind them. 

Published and Archived Collections 

The work of the great English scholar-collector Cecil J. 

Sharp marks the earliest large-scale collecting effort in our study 
area, and among the earliest efforts in the Southern Mountains 
generally. Sharp's work included collecting visits to Patrick and 
Franklin Counties in Virginia, both in our study area. In North 
Carolina a significant portion of his collecting was centered in 
Madison and bordering counties, to the southwest of our area. Between 
1916 and 1918 Sharp and Olive Dame Campbell visited the Southern 
Mountains of the United States on three separate occasions. Sharp 
spent a total of 46 weeks in the mountains: nine weeks in 1916, 

19 weeks in 1917, and 18 weeks in 1918. He noted songs from 281 
singers and collected a total of 1612 tunes representing about 500 
different songs. In August 1918 he collected a total of 115 songs in 
Franklin and Patrick Counties alone. In Franklin he reports 67 songs 
at St. Peters and 27 at Endicott; in Patrick, 3 at Woolwine, 2 at 
Stuart, and 16 at Meadows of Dan. The first batch of these materials 
was published in American English Folk-Songs in 1918, then the larger 


compendium Folk Songs of English Origin Collected in the Southern 

















- 23 - 


Appalachians appeared in 1919. The fullest edition was issued as 
English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians , 2 volumes, edited by 
Maud Karpeles in 193£. 

In the period prior to the 1950s collecting in the Southern 
Mountains was sporadic; field jaunts were scattered and collectors 
varied in their professionalism. Only Sharp and perhaps Brown seem 
to have attempted an orderly, systematic collection. Many smaller 
collecting efforts were reported in the pages of the Journal of American 
Folklore . E. N. Caldwell may have collected in the North Carolina 
mountains in 1913, since Perrow, in his "Songs and Rhymes from the South" 
in volume 28 of the Journal says that his material from the mountains 
came from a manuscript provided by Caldwell. Isabel Gordon Carter's 
article "Some Songs and Ballads from Tennessee and North Carolina" 

( JAF 43, 1933) was based upon 50 songs she gathered during the summer 
of 1923 while collecting folk stories in the mountains of eastern 
Tennessee and western North Carolina. Most of her North Carolina 
work is from around Bryson City, beyond the pale of our study area. 
Susannah Wetmore's collection Mountain Songs of North Carolina was 
a result of fieldwork in western North Carolina in the eight years 
prior to its publication in 1926. Several articles appeared 
over the years by Mel linger Edward Henry, a secondary school teacher 
who described himself as an enthusiastic amateur but who was more 
of the English professor-collector type. He collected in the Black 











































- 24 - 


Mountain area in 1934 and in the vicinity of Rominger, North Carolina, 
in 1936. His 1941 article "Songs from North Carolina" in Southern 
Folklore Quarterly was done in conjunction with Maurice Matteson of 
the University of Maryland, whose work in the Beech Mountain region 
also led to Beech Mountain Folk Songs and Ballads (1936). 

There are many publications which, although not directly 
based on collections from the study region, provide a general per¬ 
spective on the repertoire of the Virginia-North Carolina Blue Ridge. 
Dorothy Scarborough's A Song Catcher in the Southern Mountains was 
based on materials she collected in the summer of 1930 while centered 
at the Blue Ridge Industrial School. Arthur Kyle Davis, Jr., collected 
in the Virginia mountains, with particular stress on finding ballads 
of the Child canon. Some of the fruits of his work are Traditional 
Ballads of Virginia (1929), Folk Songs of Virginia: A Descriptive Index 
and Classification (1944), and More Traditional Ballads of Virginia 
(1960). At this time, too, Bascom Lamar Lunsford and Lamar 
Stringfield were collecting among performers in the Madison County, 
North Carolina, area. Their work led to 30 and 1 Songs (from the 
Southern Mountains) . Richard Chase while teaching at the University 
of North Carolina collected in the Banner Elk region of the state, 
generally channeling his efforts to a popular readership. One of 
his few scholarly accounts of field collecting is "The Blessings of 













































































































































































































- 25 - 


Mary" (JAF 48, 1935). 

Some of the most impressive and important early collecting 
in an adjacent area was done by Joseph S. Hall. Hall began his field¬ 
work and long association with the Smoky Mountain National Park in 
1937 while making a linguistic survey of the region as a student 
technician of the National Park Service. Up until 1972 Hall amassed 
a large personal archive which is now housed in Los Angeles. It in¬ 
cludes discs and tape recordings covering a full range of subjects 
including musical performances, oral histories, dialect studies, 
yarn's, tales, and accounts of old practices of farming and herding. 
Since the late 1950s much of his recorded material has been 
duplicated and is housed in the Archive of Folk Song at the Library 
of Congress. 

Elihu Jasper Sutherland visited Russell County, Virginia, 
two counties removed from our study area, and reported a murder ballad 
in an article entitled "Vance's Song" ( Southern Folklore Quarterly 4, 
1940), and Robert Winslow Gordon, then head of the Archive of Folk Song 
at the Library of Congress, recorded black performers with his 
recording machine in the Charlottesville, Virginia, area, and white 
performers in the Asheville area. His Folk Songs of America (1938). 
first published by the New York Times Magazine in 1927-28, included 
some of his Asheville collection. 

In July and August of 1941 Alan Lomax, Joseph Liss, and 


Jerome Wiesner documented the festivals at Asheville, North Carolina, 













- 26 - 


and Galax, Virginia. Their visit was part of a larger field tour 
using the Library of Congress sound truck which also carried them 
through Georgia and Tennessee. In the 1940s Artus M. Moser collected 
in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and provided the Library 
of Congress with copies of much of his collection. 

Field collecting since 1950 

By far the most significant swath of recent fieldwork in 
the study area centers on the white secular musical tradition along 
the central Blue Ridge. It was probably encouraged by the Galax Old 
Time Fiddlers' Convention, which has drawn outside attention since 
the earliest field recordings relating to Virginia. In 1937 John A. 
and Bess Lomax recorded 35 discs at the Galax convention for the 
Library of Congress. 

Maud Karpeles, who had worked with Sharp and his Appalachian 
collection, returned to the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, 
and Tennessee accompanied by Sidney Robertson Cowell for 3 1/2 weeks 
in the summer of 1951. With a tape recorder lent by the Library of 
Congress, they recorded 91 songs and instrumental tunes, of which 69 
were from singers who had previously sung to Cecil Sharp or from 
near relations of these singers. In the same year in her "Notes to 
the Preface" prepared for the 1952 reprint edition of Cecil Sharp's 
English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians , Miss Karpeles 
commented on the cultural revolution in the region since Sharp's 


































































































































































- 27 - 


visit and the influence of print and radio on traditional musical 
performance. Her revisit is a milestone and her comments significant 
in that they signaled a new mode of fieldwork that recognized the com¬ 
plex factors affecting the performance and perpetuation of traditional 
culture in the 20th century. The changes in the cultural tradition 
itself were matched by the changes in the medium which recorded it, for 
the tape recorder not only offered higher fidelity in the field but 
made possible for the first time an extensive documentation of the 
larger context surrounding performances. Thus her visit may be said 
to inaugurate modern fieldwork in our £tudy region. 

The first large-scale recent sampling of the region appears 
to be the field recordings of Peter Hoover during the years 1959- 
1963. His collection amounts to forty-four hours of tapes including 
materials from Baywood, Cana, Fancy Gap, Five Forks, Hillsville, 
Independence, Meadows of Dan, and Springfield. Collecting between 
1961 and 1962 George Foss produced ten hours of tapes including 
materials from Brown's Cove, Fancy Gap, Long Branch, Mission Home, 
Saltville, and Wyatt's Mountain. Scott Odell and Burton Porter 
produced four hours of material in 1964-65, documenting performances 
in the Five Forks and Galax region. From 1964 to 1969, James Scancarelli 
collected sporadically in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

With a primary interest in fiddling traditions, Alan Jabbour, 


now Director of the American Folklife Center, conducted extensive 




- 28 - 


fieldwork in the region from 1965 to 1968. Fourteen hours of his 
collected materials are housed in the Archive of Folk Song, including 
recordings from Copper Hill, Ferrum, Laurel Fork, Meadows of Dan, 

Mt. Airy, Sparta, and Twin Oaks in our study area. The following 
year also saw Eric Olson recording fiddle tunes and other folk music 
in North Carolina and Virginia. Recording in 1966 in Forest Hill, 
Maryland, Joseph C. Hickerson, now Head of the Archive of Folk Song, 
produced six hours of materials documenting Fields M. Ward of the 
famous Bogtrotters band from Galax. Perhaps the most significant 
recent collection from the study area in the Archive of Folk Song is 
233 reels of tape from a project funded through the Youth Grants 
Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities. It was the 
result of one year of recording traditional music by Blanton Owen 
and Tom Carter. All the collections listed above are to be found 
in the Archive of Folk Song at the Library of Congress. They 
represent a small but representative sampling of the thousands of 
modern field recorded tapes from the study area which are scattered 
around the country, mostly in private hands. 

Work of a different sort began in the early 1960s, and music 
collectors began to share the field with scholars examining the regional 
cultural milieu with a special bent for material culture studies. 

Among them are two disciples of cultural geographer Fred Kniffen, 

Henry Glassie and Gene Wilhelm, Jr. As his mpst recent regional study 

I 




































- 29 - 


illustrates, a good deal of Glassie's fieldwork has been concentrated 
on the Piedmont region of Virginia, a fertile area influencing the 
Blue Ridge region. His most pertinent works are "Types of the 
Southern Mountain Cabin" and Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of 
the Eastern United States . Gene Wilhelm's numerous articles make him 
one of the more interesting folklife scholars to concentrate on the 
Blue Ridge. His work covers 13 summers of fieldwork from 1963 to 1975, 
and includes a broad range of studies which emphasize the relationship 
between settlement patterns and the community as a functioning 
social unit. His two articles, "Folk Culture History of the Blue 
Ridge Mountains" in Appalachian Journal 2 (1975) and "Folk Settlements 
in the Blue Ridge Mountains" in Appalachian Journal 5 (1978) are 
the most useful general cultural studies addressing the Blue Ridge 
region. William A. Bake, a journalist-photographer with a personal 
attachment to the Blue Ridge, did fieldwork in the years prior to 
the publication of his informative book entitled T he Blue Ridge (1977). 

Recently, continuing field research has been conducted by the 
Blue Ridge Institute of Ferrum College. Since the early 1970s the 
Institute has been energetically preserving the traditional culture 
of the Blue Ridge. It has engaged in projects ranging from festivals 
to radio programs and documentary LP records. Its Blue Ridge Farm 
Museum will reconstruct farms from three different settlement periods 
of Blue Ridge history: a German farm of 1800, a Scotch-Irish farm of 1850, 










































- 30 - 


and a "melting pot" farm of 1900. The collection of artifacts 
accumulated by the Institute will be housed in a Museum of Mountain 
Culture. 

The increased attention paid to black music in the region 
by the Institute is significant and helps fill a gap in Blue Ridge 
folklife research. The only other significant fieldwork that 
examines black traditions in the region is that of Charles and Nancy 
Perdue at the University of Virginia. Black materials accessioned 
at the Library of Congress include approximately forty hours of diverse 
materials including folktales and church services recorded by 
Charles Perdue in the period 1969-1971 from the Rappahannock County 
area at the northeastern end of the Virginia Blue Ridge. Also available 
from Rappahannock County Afro-American traditions are selections 
of material of John and Cora Jackson recorded by Joseph C. Hickerson 
of the Archive of Folk Song. 

Material culture 

The cultural artifact, whether material or non-material, can 
be fully understood only if the researcher is as cognizant of its 
historical and social significance as of its innate artistic 
integrity. A house and a song both have an inner structure to which 
artistic embellishments are attached: the song is performed in a milieu, 
the house is constructed on a landscape; a song is performed in a 
community and a house is inhabited by its members. 









- 31 - 


By virtue of the substance used to construct material artifacts, 
they are less likely to change or erode as quickly as cultural 
artifacts constructed of less durable elements such as words. For 
this reason it is often thought that the material cultural artifact 
is perhaps the best gauge of the persistence of traditions and the 
flow of ideas. As noted in the earlier discussion concerning settle¬ 
ment history, various forces coming together within our study region 
add to the complexity of the traditional artistic expression of the 
region. Of the material cultural artifacts, dwellings and outbuildings 
are often the most interesting and informative. 

1) Dwellings and Outbuildings 

One might cite three main house types as models for the region. 
From the Chesapeake source area and westward one finds the "hall and 
parlor" house, an asymmetrical two-room form which is one story high 
and one room deep. Another source was the Carolina-Southern Tidewater 
area with its Georgian influence and center hall type. A third, 
often cited influential force moving up the Tennessee Valley from further 
south is the dogtrot house, though it may not have reached our study area. 

In addition to the influence of various migrations to the 
region, mountain terrain i^ a force which exerted influence on the 
selection and construction of larger structures. Henry Glassie has 
spent considerable time examining and discussing the movement of ideas 
from the critical Pennsylvania area to the Southern Mountain regions. 

While his work Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Structural Analysis 
of Historic Artifacts (1975) does not concentrate on the Blue Ridge, 







- 32 - 


it offers significant insights concerning the relationship between 

terrain and structural models. He observed: 

The early Pennsylvania Germans, for example, had types 
for hillsides and types for flat land. But the old 
Virginian did not, and even when he moved up into the 
Blue Ridge mountains he continued to build as if his 
land were level. West of the Blue Ridge crest, where 
Pennsylvanians settled, one finds banked barns, hillside 
houses, and outbuildings with semi subterranean cellars. 

The eastern slope, populated out of Middle Virginia, 
is built up with flat!and architectural forms that 
refuse to admit they are perched on the side of a 
mountain. 

( Folk Housing , p. 145) 

Researchers should also examine Gene Wilhelm's article "Folk 
Settlement in the Blue Ridge Mountains." In this article he further 

delineates variation in construction, economy, and a panoply of 

\ 

traditional activities based on five different settlement types which 
he hypothesizes for the Blue Ridge Mountains after 1750: the gap, hollow, 
cove, ridge, and meadow typos. 

For notes on log cabin construction in the region, students 
are advised to resort to works by Glassie, Wilhelm, Eaton, or Campbell, 
where both a general description and construction notes are offered. 

Overall, in log copier-timbering saddle and V-notching appears to pre- 

v 

dominate. When chestnut was available, it was preferred for con¬ 
struction: clay caulking, long oak shake roofing and split log puncheon 
floors were characteristic. 
















33 - 


Of special interest is the double-crib barn. For a 
description of southern barn types which developed from Pennsylvania 
originals, readers should consult Henry Glassie, "The Old Barns of 
Appalachia," in Mountain Life and Work (Summer 1965). The most 
important of these was the double or "transverse" crib barn, which probably 
originated in southeastern Tennessee and spread northward to 
northern Virginia and southern Indiana. Although it is rarely found 
in Pennsylvania, the double-crib barn has been viewed as an early 
Pennsylvanian type.* Its basic design incorporated two separate con¬ 
struction units under a common gable roof, the ridge line of which ran 
transverse to a center runway. The separate units are referred to as 
"pens," "cribs," or "mows," and the ridge line as its "comb." The 
enclosed units may have been subdivided and defined for a specific 
use such as stable area or corn and hay storage. The structure is 
frequently found in expanded versions which are sometimes more difficult 
to identify. Covered work areas may be provided by the addition of a 
pole-supported roof; small storage and stalling areas are added by 
attaching sheds. While sheds are more frequently added to the gable 
end, a great many barns have been enlarged by expanding sheds on all 
four sides and drawing out the existing roof, often lending to the 
structure a long low-slung profile. It is of log construction, although 
the entire structure has been frequently translated to frame construction 
in our study region; it is rarely hewn and it uses V or saddle corner 
notching. The interstices left between the logs are rarely chinked and 






























- 34 - 


are frequently covered with vertical clapboards. 

A smaller version known as a "meadow barn" is also a 
characteristic mountain type. Employing the same construction techniques, 
although more often the logs are hewn, the meadow barn is built a 
considerable distance from the dwelling and other outbuildings and 
used for the storage of hay and temporary stabling of draft animals. 
Variants of this type, Glassie reports, are found with frequency 
in the Valley and Blue Ridge of Virginia and only occasionally in 
the North Carolina-Tennessee mountains. His article "The 
Pennsylvania Barn in the South" offers a rigorous discussion of building 
types and origins. For further discussion of influential Pennsylvania 
German barn structures, readers should also consult The Pennsylvania 
Barn , edited by Alfred L. Shoemaker, and The Early Architecture of 
Western Pennsylvania by Morse Stutz (1936). 

More often then not, books which address dwellings in the 
vicinity of our project pridefully focus on the exquisite palatial 
homes of the South. An example is Emmie Ferguson Farrar's Old 
Virginia Houses Along the James (1957), which also illustrates the 
emphasis that appears to be placed on the James River region, south 
of which studies seem not to focus with a great deal of clarity but 
along which much documentation seems to be available. Only a few texts 
specifically address the Blue Ridge region. Besides the works cited 
in the bibliography by Glassie, Kniffen, and Wilhelm, those discussing 

























- 35 - 


the Shenandoah Park area by Zim, Steere, and Hoffman are perhaps 
the most pertinent. 

2) Smaller Artifacts: Crafts, Tombstones, Folk Art, 

Foodways, etc. 

Buildings are not the only material artifacts. In light 
of the settlement history of the region, a wide range of materials 
might be considered relevant, including crafts from Virginia and the 
creations of the Pennsylvania Germans, in order to trace origins and 
parallel practices. This section and its accompanying bibliography 
have been restricted to publications that specifically discuss mountain 
crafts. 

The first resource is an early work in the field, Allen H. 
Eaton's Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands . Not only does this 
work cover various categories of activity, but it also discusses at 
length the development and role of the craft-oriented missionary 
schools which operated under the auspices of various agencies and founda¬ 
tions and which sought to encourage consistent quality in order to 
produce marketable products. Eaton's table of contents is a useful tool 
for researchers. Its chapter headings and divisions provide us with 
checklist of crafts and items found in the mountain regions of the 
South. Headings such as "Spinning and Weaving for Home and Market," 
"Coverlets and Counterpanes," "Quilting and Patchwork," "Native Dyes 
and Herbs," "Furniture and Other Woodwork," along with their subtitles 
also provide a thoughtful classification system within which activities 
































- 36 - 


might be better understood. Another text of interest is Elinor 

Lander Horwitz' Mountain People, Mountain Crafts (1974), which 

distinguishes between decorative and domestic crafts. 

A wide range of artifacts is potentially available. 

Mountain schools seem to have reinforced one area above all, the 

production of textiles. While it is not likely that weaving and 

spinning are currently practiced, quilting and patchwork survive. 

Folklorists may find one remnant from the weaving practice, however-- 

the old mountain "drafts." These are weaver's guides or patterns on 

a slip of paper. A quote from Miss Goodrich's Mountain Homespun 

best describes the "draft": 

In the "drawing-in: and in the actual weaving of a 
coverlet, a design or pattern is necessary and this was 
called a draft. The good offices of a preacher or lawyer 
were often called upon to "draw off," that is, to copy, 
a draft. It was written on a narrow slip oT paper, from 
four inches to half a yard long according to the length 
of one unit of the pattern, and was fastened on the 
front of the loom in plain sight of the weaver. Old 
drafts are often written on the backs of letters or bills 
or law papers. The draft consists of lines and figures, 
or--if the reader could not read figures--of lines only, 
mystifying to the uninitiated. These may be found in 
many an old house tucked away in trunks and cupboards, 
rolled up and tied carefully with thread. When spread out 
they are seen to be marked with multitudinous pin pricks 
as one worker and another has put in a pin to keep her 
place in the "drawing in." 

(1931, pp. 8-9) 

Wooden dancing men and carved figures, baskets, candles, and 
the making of soap, dyes, and other practices may be found or remembered 














- 37 - 


by the people of the Blue Ridge. Doubtless, however, one category 
of material culture, foodways, is still available and still exhibits 
strong connections with practices prior to new-fangled kitchens and 
electric appliances. The term "foodways" encompasses a range of 
activities and behavior but in general may be divided into three 
stages: preliminary preparation such as slaughtering, churning, grinding, 
curing, and smoking; cooking--the recipe; and the dining event which 
focuses on the time and place where food is served, from ordinary 
meals to homecomings, barbecues, or holidays. While the bibliography 
illustrates an array of cookbooks which to some degree document 
the second stage, the events before and after need more study. There 
are, however, a few articles that provide some insight. Among them 
are Sam Hilliard's "Hog Meat and Cornpone: Food Habits in the Antebellum 
South" and Bobby G. Carter's article "Folk Methods of Preserving and 
Processing Food." Other information can be obtained in the works of 
Campbell and Eaton. Glassie (1968) also contains bits of information 
and some insights and citations concerning moonshine. 


Verbal and Behavioral Expression 

1) Narrative 

"There's an intriguing legend which explains the presence of 
the haze which characterizes the Blue Ridges. It tells about groups 
of people who had ascended to the Upper Land, from which on clear days 
they could plainly see the Blue Ridge Mountains among which they had 
dwelt during their earthly sojourn. This 'eagle's-eye view' tended to 
make them homesick for their native hills, despite the splendor which 
now surrounded them. 

"Accordingly, the Good One, 'who knows what is best for every 
one,' instructed that his four archangels each take one corner of a great 
veil of azure light and spread it between the blue of the sky and the 







- 38 - 


green of the forested mountains. The color in this huge veil was so 
deep that it obscured the earth from the view of those dwelling on 
High--apd they became contented with their celestial abode."- State 
Magazine , September 1, 1967, page. 10. 

(quoted in North Carolina Folklore , volume 15, no. 2). 

For the purposes of this introduction the term "narrative" 
refers to tales, legends, and similar non-musical performances that 
are orally communicated. Overall there has been significant research 
focusing on narrative in the Southern Mountains. This work was begun 
early; among the collectors who published their materials were 
E. C. Perrow, Josiah Combs, Isabel Gordon Carter, and Richard Chase. 

For the most part, collections reflected the repertoire of the southern 
part of the Blue Ridge and eastern Kentucky. Witness to this is the 
popularity of collections by Leonard Roberts, who was connected with 
Berea College when he issued South From Hell-fer-Sartin: Kentucky Mountain 
Folklore Tales (1955) and his later Up Cutshin and Down Greasy (1959). 

For materials closer to our study area, both Carter and Chase are of 
special interest. 

Isabel Gordon Carter's article "Mountain White Folk-Lore: 

Tales from the Southern Blue Ridge" appears to rank among the earliest 
published collection of stories from the region. She wrote in 1925, 

"While the collections of ballads has gone steadily on, so far as the 
writer knows no collection of the old folk tales has been made in 
this region. This is not surprising since there are so few people who 



















39 - 


can tell the old stories." Fifteen of her stories were collected from 
around Hot Springs,North Carolina, including twelve tales using the 
ubiquitous hero Jack. Jack tales were also among those that were 
collected and rewritten by Richard Chase in his first published collection 
The Jack Tales (1943). He collected them from the descendants of 
Council Harmon of Beech Creek, North Carolina. Additional Jack tales 
were collected by Duncan Emrich of the Archive of Folk Song of the 
Library of Congress and issued on a recording entitled Jack Tales Told 
by Mrs. Maud Long of Hot Springs, North Carolina (see discography). 

A more recent LP record of Jack tales features Ray Hicks of the much 
highlighted Beech Mountain area, recorded by Sandy Paton for Folk Legacy 
Records. Ray Hicks is also the focus of a 16mm film produced and 
distributed by Appalshop entitled Fixin' to tell About Jack. 

The collections of Hall and Glassie deserve special attention. 
Glassie's "Three Southern Mountain Jack Tales," reported in The Tennessee 
Folklore Society Bulletin , includes one from Virginia and two from North 
Carolina collected during one of his earlier field trips to the region. 
Further south, in the Cades Cove area of the Smokies, a significant 
bit of fieldwork was reported by Joseph S. Hall. Hall began his 
collecting in 1937 as a young man working at the Civilian Conservation 
Corps. His most recent publication. Sayings From Old Smoky: Some 
Traditional Phrases, Expressions, and Sentences Heard In the Great Smoky 

Mountains and Nearby Areas: An Introduction to A Southern Mountain 


Dialect (1972), is a representative sampling of the materials he collected 







































- 40 - 


over the years. As the title suggests, he reports a wide range of 
narrative items, including vocabulary, popular beliefs and expressions, 
and examples of mountain humor in addition to tales. 

In all. The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina 
Folklore remains the best and broadest collection and reference tool 
for field research in verbal traditions. Volumes VI and VII include 
8,569 items in 14 categories including unorthodox medical beliefs 
concerning birth and the human body, death, and witchcraft. 

The selection of bibliographic citations for verbal 
traditions has been difficult; it appears to be a neglected subject 
wanting rigorous documentation in our project area. In the absence 
of collections in the immediate area it is hard to determine the 
usefulness of collections from elsewhere in the Southern Appalachians, 
such as James Still's recent work Way Down Yonder on Troublesome Creek: 
Appalachian Riddles and Rusties or Ruth Ann Musick's Green Hills of Magic: 
West Virginia Folktales from Europe . I have resorted to the narrowest 
selection of materials, a good deal of which have to do with county 
place names. The Virginia State Library's A Hornbook of Virginia 
History (1965) provides much place-name information as well as works by 
both Robinson and Hi den. Percy's work Exploring the Present and Past: 
Central Virginia Blue Ridge (1952) retells several legends. For 
dialect studies, readers should turn to Wolfram's excellent article 
in the Appalachian Journal 's special issue, "On the Linguistic Study 
of Appalachian Speech and a Bibliography of Appalachian English." 















































- 41 - 


Readers should note that a good deal of the citations are from Kentucky, 
Georgia, and Tennessee, as is the case in another valuable article in the 
same issue by W. K. McNeil entitled "Appalachian Folklore Scholarship." 

In addition to the works cited here, readers might return to the 
works of Harden Taliaferro and John Foster West. While Taliaferro 
was a creative writer and as such has taken liberties with his sources, 
it is likely that he exhibits fidelity to characteristic motifs, 
anecdotes, and other smaller items of expression within the sketches 
and tales he reports. Here again his Fisher's River Sketches may be 
most useful. Also of interest is the Cratis Williams article "Fabulous 
Characters in the Southern Mountains," and Abrams' and Whiting's 
articles concerning folklore (language and proverbs) in the material 
by West. 


2) Religion and Recreation 

Discussion of Southern Mountain religious practice is made 
complex by the variety of religious groups and subgroups in the region. 
Overall, however, there appears to be a division into two doctrinal 
groups regardless of the church. The distinction might be seen 
simplistically as the long-standing difference between free will sects 
and CalviniStic determinists. Of course, there are many shades of 
doctrine and practice within these groupings. For useful information 
readers should turn to Campbell's chapter "The Growth of Denomina¬ 
tional ism" and an especially relevant and lucid article by Loyal Jones 
entitled "Studying Mountain Region." This last reference should be 
























- 42 - 


viewed as vital preliminary reading and primary resource material 
from which to begin studies in greater depth. The article is strong in 
bibliographical citations, including numerous materials related to 
religious music of the mountains. 

Insights concerning religious behavior and its role in 
the larger community can be found in various texts which take a larger 
overview of mountain life. Besides Campbell, Emma Miles' The Spirit 
of the Mountains (1905, reprinted 1975) and Jack Weller's Yesterday's 
People (1965) are two examples. Readers should also examine the 
more significant stock of large-scale historical and sociological 
studies of religion. Among them are Carl D. C. Brewer and W. D. 

Weatherford's Life and Religion in Southern Appalachia (1962), 

Elmer T. Clark's The Small Sects in America (1937, revised 1949), and 
Vinson Synan's The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States (1971). 

A more recent study by Brett Sutton is entitled "In the 
Good Old Way: Primitive Baptist Tradition," in Southern Exposure 's 
special edition Long Journey Home: Folklife in the South . This article 
along with that by Loyal Jones provide readers with an updated account 
of religious behavior in the region. Along with these one might note 
that Appal shop has also made and distributes a 16mm film entitled 
In the Good Old Fashioned Way on Kentucky mountain religion in the Old 


Regular Baptist Church. For information on the older repertoire of 
shape-note music, researchers might best begin by examining George Pullen 



















- 43 - 


Jackson's White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands (1933), and a more 
recent article in Goldenseal by Alice and Jack Welch, "Shape-note 
Singing in Appalachia: An Ongoing Tradition." 

A significant part of any cultural overview is an examination 
of the religious behavior of a people or community. Securely entwined 
in its practices are often found the fundamentals of a community's 
moral and social order and a framework within which work, worship, and 
leisure are functionally interrelated. Although they are often thought 
of as part of religious behavior, gospel and spiritual sings, church 
gatherings, homecomings, baptisms, weddings, and fellowship feasts 
also satisfy recreative needs and can be categorized as part of our 
leisure time. 

The category of activity designated by "recreation" is 
broad and overlaps many other activities such as music and song performances, 
dancing, crafts, and tale-telling. Although very much out of date, 

Campbell is perhaps the only source which specifically discusses 
"recreation." It is a subject in sore need of perspective for our study 
area. Both Robert Lee's Religion and Leisure in America: A Study in 
Four Dimensions (1964) and Joffre Dumazedier's "Leisure" in the 
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences are recommended 
readings for those unfamiliar with studies of recreation and leisure 
patterns in the traditional community—particularly since leisure and work 
activities may be understood only in light of one another and since 
they are often considered the two most significant elements in community 





























- 44 - 


structure other than family ties. 

3) Musical Traditions 

The brief history of field collecting presented earlier in 
this essay makes it clear that the project area of the Blue Ridge 
is one of the most thoroughly documented areas of the United States 
in terms of secular folk song and instrumental music. Documentation 
for the area spans several decades, and recordings, films, and 
general field work continue to accrue up to the present day. 

The secular singing tradition has been sporadically documented 
since Cecil Sharp's visit, and there has been some recorded documenta¬ 
tion of secular singing. The documentation is not as copious, however, 
as might be imagined in the immediate project area; most available 
materials are from areas to the southwest and northeast. 

Instrumental musical traditions are remarkably well documented 
for the project area, both on field recordings dating from the 1930s 
and via the medium of commerical hillbilly recordings, which have featured 
Blue Ridge musicians from the 1920s through the present day. Field 
recorded documentation of instrumental music is well represented in the 
Archive of Folk Song, particularly in the collection amassed by Blanton 
Owen and Tom Carter in the early 1970s. The attached discography lists 
many available published documentary recordings from the project area 
or nearby environs. It should be remembered, though, that an equally 
large harvest of un-selfconscious recordings on commercial labels 
documents musical traditions of the same area. 











































- 45 - 


Religious music has been less documented in the project area, 
though Brett Sutton's investigation of Primitive Baptist traditions is 
worth noting. Lining-out hymnody apparently persists in the area, in 
white Primitive Baptist churches and perhaps in black churches as well. 

The older shape-note repertory once flourished in the area but is 
now moribund, or at least has not yet turned up in active practice. Of 
course, some hymns from that older repertory may be remembered by individual 
singers. Gospel hymnody, which is likely to prove wondrously varied 
amongst the various local congregations, is poorly documented in the 
study area, though some local gospel styles have doubtless found their 
way onto commercial recordings. 

The singing tradition of the immediate project area appears to 
follow the general repertorial and stylistic lines of singing 
elsewhere in the Mountain South: the older solo style characterized 
by rubato performance and fairly copious ornamentation, and a variety 
of group singing styles associated both with religious music and with 
bluegrass. The instrumental tradition of the area is characterized 
historically by the prominence of the fiddle, the early and profound 
addition of the banjo as a favorite instrument, the use of a strummed 
dulcimer both for singing and for instrumental dance music (usually 
in family contexts), the occasional appearance of piano as an accompany¬ 
ing instrument, and the emergence from an early era of a strong and 
vital string band tradition. The string bands range from fiddle and 













- 46 - 


banjo duets through family bands with fiddle or banjo lead through 
tightly integrated bluegrass bands of the post-World War II period, 
which continue to flourish throughout the area. The bluegrass bands, 
whether amateur or semi-professional, tend to play both secular 
and sacred repertories. 

A close investigation of the musical tradition may provide one 
index for measuring differences between the two extremes of our project 
area. It is apparent, for example, that there flourished around 
Meadows of Dan, Virginia, a strong and characteristic instrumental 
tradition with a special local repertory and an identifiably mellifluous 
style. Samplings from just across the North Carolina border, on the 
other hand, suggests a more rhythmic and syncopated local style. It 
will be interesting to see whether such differences show up on a 
broader musical spectrum, and whether they are paralleled by local 
differences in non-musical traditions. 

In general, the widespread though narrowly focused interest 
in' music along the central Blue Ridge, although encouraged by national 
interest in hillbilly culture, probably reflects a genuine perception 
of musical vitality and creativity throughout our study area in the 
20th century. The task of this project will be both to amplify the 
musical portrait already available for the study area, and to correlate 
that portrait with the broader portrait of the traditional life 
of the region. 














































CONCLUSION 





- 47 - 


CONCLUSION 

Overall, an examination of resource materials for our study 
area suggests that there has been a general emphasis on the artistic 
expression of the area but a lack of focus on the traditional culture 
in which the arts flourish. Some of the broader cultural studies, 
such as Wilhelm's, focus on a different area of the Blue Ridge, while 
others are too general and neglect the special characteristics of 
naturally defined sub-regions. These special characteristics are 
often linked to the natural and geographical resources of a 
particular area and help to define the range of potential activities. 
Neglected topics in our study area include, for example, quail 
hunting', fishing, apple orchards, burley tobacco, and traditional 
farming techniques—an area of special importance since these counties 
reserved an unusually high percentage of their farm products for 
personal household use. Similarly, there is a lack of holistic studies 
on traditional activities that could offer information on family and 
community life cycles and work, worship, and leisure patterns. 

Even the existing documentation of some forms of artistic 
expression remains incomplete. Only recently have folk music 
scholars turned from an emphasis on the Anglo-American secular 
musical tradition toward documentation of sacred music and of 
black and ethnic performers. In-depth studies of the area's material 
culture have focused on dwellings and outbuildings, while smaller useful 













BIBLIOGRAPHY 











GENERAL RESOURCES 


Appalachian Bibliography. 

Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1970. Second 
edition, 1972. Third edition, 1975. 

Appalachian Issues & Resources. 

Compiled by the Southern Appalachian Ministry in Higher 
Education, 1975. Available from SAM, 1538 Highland Avenue, 
Knoxville, Tennessee 37916. 

Appalachian Outlook: New Sources of Regional Information . 

Morgantown: West Virginia University Library. Quarterly. 

"Appalachian Resource Survey." Appalachian Notes , volume 1, number 

3, 1973, pp. 13-16; volume 1, number 4, 1973, pp. 14-16; 
volume 2, number 1, 1974, pp. 15-16. 

Bennett, George E. 

Appalachian Books and Media for Public and College Libraries . 

Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1975. 

Drake, Richard. 

"A Bibliography of Appalachian Bibliographies." Appalachian 
Notes , volume 2, number 3, 1974, pp. 44-48; volume 3, number 3, 
1975, pp. 47-48; volume 3, number 4, 1975, pp. 62-63; volume 

4, number 2, 1976, pp. 31-32. 

Fisher, Steve. 

"Bibliography." In Appalachia: Social Context Past and Present , 
edited by Bruce Ergood and Bruce Kuhre, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall- 
Hunt Publishing Company, 1976, pp. 321-331. 

Higgs, Robert J. 

"Filmography of Southern Appalachia." In Bibliography of 
Southern Appalachia , edited by Charlotte Ross, Boone: 

Appalachian Consortium Press, 1976, pp. 1-16. 

Jones, Loyal. 

"The Surveys of the Appalachian Region." Appalachian Heritage , 
volume 4, Spring 1976, pp. 25-42. 

Ross, Charlotte, editor . 

Bibliography of Southern Appalachia . Boone: Appalachian 
Consortium Press, 1976. 

































































































LOCAL HISTORY AND GENEALOGY 


Adams, Lei a C. 

Abstract of Wills, Inventori es and Accounts: Patrick County, 

Virginia, 1791-1823 . Bassett, Virginia: Lela C. Adams, 1973. 

Adams, Lela C. 

Marriages of Patrick County, Virginia, 1791-1850 . Bassett, 

Virginia: Lela C. Adams, 1972. 

Bork, June Baldwin. 

Patrick County, Virginia: Vital Records . Huntington Beach, 

California: June Baldwin Bork, 1976. 

Cook, G. N. 

1812 Tax List of Surry County, North Carolina . Cimarron, 

Kansas: Mrs. R. J. Taylor, 1973. 

Crouch, John. 

Historical sketches of Wilkes County . Wilkesboro, North Carolina: 

J. Crouch, 1902. 

Federal Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the 
State of Virginia. 

The White Man Comes to Stay . Richmond,Virginia: The Franklin 
County School Board, 1941. 

Fields, Bettye-Lou, editor . 

Grayson County: A History in Words and Pictures . Independence, 

Virginia: Grayson County Historical Society, 1976. 

Fletcher, Arthur Lloyd. 

Ashe County: A History . Jefferson, North Carolina: Ashe County 
Research Association, 1963. 

Hollingsworth, Jesse Gentre. 

■History of Surry County, or. Annals of Northwest North Carolina. 

Greensboro, North Carolina: W. H. Fisher Co., 1935. 

Martin, James H. 

"Founding of Patrick County." Journal of the Roanoke Historical 
Society , volume 2, number 1, Summer 1965. 

Morris, W. R. 

Folk Lore of Blueridge Mountain: Their First Sunday School and Founders: 

Other Places of Interest . Volume 1, Fancy Gap, Virginia: W. R. 

Morris, 1953. 

"Folk Lore" of Early Settlers of America and Their Ancestral Lineage: 

Interesting Short Notes Including Poems of Judge D. W. Bolen and Others . 

Volume 2 and 3, Fancy Gap, Virginia: W. R. Morris, 1958, 1960. 


Folk Lore . Volume 4, Fancy Gap, Virginia: W. R. Morris, 1962. 


























































































































































































- 51 - 

North American Land Company. 

Plan for the Settlement of 552,500 Acres of Land in the District of 

Morgan, County of Wilkes, in the State of North Carolina, North America, 

between 36 and 37 Degrees North Latitude and 80 and 82 Degrees West 

Longitude. London, England: 1796. Reprint edition, Boston, 

Massachusetts: Historical Society, 1941. 

Nuckolls, Benjamin Floyd. 

Pioneer Settlers of Grayson County, Virginia . Bristol, Tennessee: 

The King Printing Co., 1914. Reprint edition, Baltimore, Maryland: 
Genealogical Publishing Co., 1975. 

Pedigo, Virginia G. and Lewis G. 

History of Patrick and Henry Counties, Virginia . Roanoke, Virginia: 
Stone Printing and Manufacturing Co., 1933. Reprint edition, 

Baltimore, Maryland: Regional Publishing Co., 1977. 

Shelor, Susan Jefferson. 

Pioneers and Their Coat of Arms of Floyd County: Genealogies 

of Prominent Early Settlers of the Blue Ridge Plateau of Virginia . 

Winston-Salem, North Carolina: 1961. Available from author. 

Route 2, Box 46, Floyd, Virginia 24091. 

Thomas, Max S. 

Walnut Knob: A Story of Mountain Life and My Heritage in Song . 

Radford, Virginia: Commonwealth Press, 1977. 

Wingfield, Marshall. 

Marriage Bonds of Franklin County, Virginia 1786-1858 . 

Berryville: Virginia Book Company, 1939. 

Franklin County, Virginia: A History . Berryville: Virginia 
Book Company, 1964. 

Pioneer Families of Franklin County, Virginia . Berryville: 

Virginia Book Company, 1964. 























































































- 52 - 


THE REGION 


The Blue Ridge Parkway 

Bake, William A. 

Mountains and Meadowlands Along the Blue Ridge Parkway . 

Washington: Office of Publications, National Park Service, 

United States Department of Interior, 1975. 

Jolley, Harley E. 

The Blue Ridge Parkway . Knoxville: University of Tennessee 
Press, 1969. 

Lord, William G. 

Blue Ridge Parkway Guides . Luray, Virginia: The Shenandoah 
Natural History Association, Inc., 

Matthews, William H. 

A Guide to the National Parks: Their Landscape and Geology: 

Volume 2, The Eastern Parks . Garden City, New York: Doubleday 

& Co., 1968. 

Pollock, George Freeman. 

Sky!and. The Heart of the Shenandoah Nationa 1 Park . 

Berryvilie: Virginia Book Company, 1960. 

Robinson, Donald H. 

Camper's and Hiker's Guide to the Blue Ridge Parkway . 
Riverside, Connecticut: Chatham Press (distributed by Viking 
Press, New York), 1971. 

United States National Park Service. 

Blue Ridge Parkway, Virginia-North Carolina . Washington, D.C.: 
United States Government Printing Office, 1947. 

Wilhelm, E. J. 

The Blue Ridge: Man and Nature in Shenandoah National Park and 

Blue Ridge Parkway . Charlottesville, Virginia: University of 
Virginia Press, 1968. 

Winokur, Lou. 

Joy in the Mountains . Boca Raton, Florida: Winokur, 1977. 


The Mountains 

Campbell, John C. 

The Southern Highlander and His Homeland . New York: Russell Sage 
Foundation, 1921. 

Kniffen, Fred B. 

"Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion." Annals, Association of American 
Geographers , volume 55, 1965, pp. 549-577. 






















































































- 53 - 


Thornburg, W. D. 

Regional Geomorphology of the United States . New York: John Wiley 
and Sons, 1965. 

Turner, Frederick Jackson. 

The Frontier in American History . New York: Henry Holt and 
Ccnipany, 1920. 

Wilhelm, Eugene J., Jr. 

"Folk Settlement Types in the Blue Ridge Mountains." Appalachian 
Journal , volume 5, number 2, Winter 1978. 

Vance, Rupert B. 

"The Region: A New Survey." In The Southern Appalachian Region : 

A Survey , edited by Thomas R. Ford, Lexington: University of 
Kentucky Press, 1962. 


Description and Geography 

Brooks, Maurice. 

The Appalachians . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. 

Crandall, Hugh. 

Shenandoah: The Story Behind the Scenery . Las Vegas: K. C. 
Publications, 1975. 

Fisher, Ronald M. 

The Appalachian Trail . Washington, D.C.: The National Geographic 
Society, 1972. 

Frome, Michael. 

Strangers in High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains . 

Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966. 

Ogburn, Charlton. 

The Southern Appalachians: A Wilderness Quest . New York: William 
Morrow & Company, 1975. 

Peattie, Roderick, editor . 

The Great Smokies and the Blue Ridge . New York: Vanguard Press, 
1943. 

Percy, Alfred. 

Exploring the Present and Past: Central Virginia Blue Ridge . 

Madison Heights, Virginia: Percy Press, 1952. 


















































































































- 54 - 


Stupka, Arthur 

Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Washington, D. C.: National 
Park Service, 1960. 


Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Great Smoky Mountains National 

Pcnrk. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennesee Press, 1964. 

Wildflowers in Color . New York: Harper & Row, 1965. 


Wilhelm, Eugene J., Jr. 

Historical Ecology and Ecological History of the Blue Ridge . 
Washington, D. C.: National Park Service, 1968. 


CULTURAL OVERVIEW 


Non-Fictional and Historiographic Material 
Andrews, Charles M. 

Colonial Folkways . New York: United States Publishers Association, 
Inc., (The Yale Chronicles of America, number 9.), 1975. 

Bear, James A., Jr. and Mary Caperton. 

A Checklist of Virginia Almanacs, 1732-1850 . Charlottesville: 
Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1962. 

Beaty, Richard Edward. 

The Blue Ridge Boys: Narrations of Early, Actual Mountain 

Experiences and Humorous Anecdotes of the Shenandoah National 

Park Section . Fort Royal, Virginia: R. E. Beaty, 1938. 


Byrd, William. 

History of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina . 1728. 

New York: Dover Publishers, Inc., 1968. 

Campbell, John C. 

The Southern Highlander and His Homeland . New York: Russell 
Sage Foundation, 1921. Reprint edition, Spartanburg, South 
Carolina: The Reprint Co., 1973. 


Carawan, Guy and Candie Carawan. 

Voices from the Mountains . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. 


Caudill, Harry M. 

My Land is Dying . New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1973. 


Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area . 

Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press-Little, Brown & Co., 1963. 


The Watches of the Night . Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press- 
Little, Brown & Co., 1976. 


























































* 
























































































































































- 55 - 


Fetterman, John. 

Stinking Creek . New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1970. 

Fisher, Stephen L., and J. W. Williamson, and Juanita Lewis, editors. 

In A Guide to ~flppalachian Studies of the special issue of the 
Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, Autumn 1977 

Ford, Thomas R., editor . 

The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey . Lexington: University 
of Kentucky Press, 1962. 

Hicks, George. 

Appalachian Valley . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976. 

Kahn, Kathy. 

Hillbilly Women . New York: Avon Books, 1974. 

Kaplan, Berton H. 

Blue Ridge: An Appalachian Community in Transition . Morgantown: 
Office of Research and Development, Appalachian Center, West 
Virginia University, 1971. 

Kelsey, S. T. 

The Blue Ridge Highlands in Western North Carolina. Superior 
Fruit, Farming and Grazing Lands-Grand and Beautiful Scenery- 

Pure Air and Pure Water . Greenville, South Carolina: Daily 
News Press, 1876. 

Kephart, Horace. 

Our Sou t hern Highlanders . New York: The Macmillan Co., 1913. 
Reprint edition. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967. 

Mcllwaine, Shields. 

The Southern Poor-White: From Lubberland to Tobacco Road . 

New York: Cooper Sguare Publishers, 1970. 

Meade, Bishop. 

"Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia." Northern 
Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine , volume 13, number 1, December 
1963, pp. 

Meyere, Duane. 

The Highland Scots of North Carolina, 1732-1776 . Chapel Hill: 
University of North Carolina Press, 1961. 

Miles, Emma Bel 1. 

The Spirit of the Mountains. New York: J. Pott, 1905. Reprint 
edition, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975. 

Morgan, Edmund S. 

Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century . 

Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1963. 


































































- 56 - 


Owsley, Frank Lawrence. 

Plain Folk of the Old South . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 
University Press, 1949. Reprint edition, Chicago: Quadrangle 
Books, 1965. 

Perry, Jim and Betsy White. 

Le's Whittle Awhile: My Blue Ridge Neighbors and Friends. 

Greenville, North Carolina: Era Press, 1976. 

Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell. 

Life and Labor in the Old South . Boston: Little, Brown, and 
Co., 1929. 

Photiadis, John D., and Harry Schwarzweller, editors_. 

Change in Rural Appalachia: Implications for Action Programs . 

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971. 

Plumley, William, Marjorie Warner, and^ Lorena Anderson, editors . 

Things Appalachian. Charleston: Morris Harvey College Publishers, 
1976. 

Raine, James Watt. 

The Land of Saddle-Bags: Study of the Mountain People of 
Appalachia . New York: Council of Women for Home Missions and the 
Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 
1924. Reprint edition, Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1969. 

Riddel, Frank S. 

Appalachia: Its People, Heritage, and Problems . 

Dubugue, Iowa: Kendall-Hunt Publishing Company, 1974. 

Shackelford, Laurel, and Bill Weinberg. 

Our Appalachia: An Oral History . New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. 

t, 

Sheppard, Muriel Early. 

Cabin in the Laurel . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina 
Press, 1935. 

Sherman, Mandel, and Thomas R. Henry. 

Hollow Folk . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1933. 

Stanard, Mary Mann Page (Newton). 

Colonial Virginia: Its People and Customs . Philadelphia and 
London: J. B. Lippincott, 1917. Reprint edition, Detroit: 

Singing Tress Press, 1970. 

Thomas, (Mrs.) Jeannette (Bell). 

Blue Ridge Country . New York: Eaton and Mains; Cincinnati: 
Jennings and Graham, 1910. 













































































- 57 - 


Tull os, Allen, editor . 

Long Journey Home: Folklife in the South . Special issue of 
Southern Exposure, volume 5, numbers 2 and 3, Summer and Fall 
1977. 

United States National Park Service 

"Tabulations: Five Mountain Hollows." In A Report by the 
National Park Service, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 
1933. 

Walls, David S., and John B. Stephenson, editors . 

Appalachia in the Sixties: Decade of Reawakening . 

Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972. 

Wayland, John Walter. 

The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia . 
Charlottesville, Virginia: John Walter Wayland, 1907. Reprint 
edition, Bridgewater, Virginia: Ivan D. Carrier, 1964. 

Weller, Jack E. 

Yesterday's People: Life in Contemporary Appalachia . 

Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965. 

Wright, Louis B., editor . 

Virginia Heritage . Washington, D. C.: Public Affairs Press, 
1957. 

Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration. 

These Are Our Lives . Chapel Hill: University of North 
Carolina Press, 1939. 

Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion . New York: Oxford 
University Press, American Guide Series, 1940. 

Wust, Klaus. 

The Virginia Germans . Charlottesville: University Press of 
Virginia, 1969. 

Zelinsky, Wilbur.. 

The Cultural Geography of the United States . Englewood Cliffs, 
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Foundations of Economic Geography 
Series, 1973. 


Literary Studies 


Abrams, W. Amos. 

"Time Was: Its Lore and Language." In Fiction and Folklore in North 
Carolina , special issue of North Carolina Folklore , volume 19, number 
2, March 1971 pp. 40-46. 





































































































































58 - 


Askins, Don, ana David Morris, editors . 

New Ground . Jenkins, Kentucky: Southern Appalachian Writers 
Cooperative, 1977. 

Axelrod, Jim. editor . 

Growln' Up Country . Clintwood, Virginia: Council of the Southern 
Mountains, 1973. 

Boger, Lorise C. 

The Southern Mountaineer in Literature: An Annotated Bibliography . 

Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1964. 

Coan, Otis W., and Richard G. Lillard. 

America TrTTiction: An Annotated List of Novels that 
Interpret Aspects of Life in the United States, Canada, and 

Mexico. Fifth edition, Palo Alto, California: Pacific Press, 

1967. 

Hamner, Earl, Jr. 

The Homecoming » New York: Random House, Inc., 1970. 

Spencer's Mountain . New York: The Dial Press, Inc., 1962. 

Higgs, Robert d., and Ambrose N. Manning, editors . 

Voices From the Hills: Selected Readings of Southern Appalachia . 

New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1975. 

Miller, Jim Wayne. 

"Appalachian Literature." In A Guide to Appalachian Studies 
of the special issue of the Appalachian Journal , volume 5, 
number 1, Autumn 1977, pp. 82-91. 

Ross, Charlotte, editor . 

Bibliography of Southern Appalachia . Boone: Appalachian 
Consortium Press, 1976. 

Rubin, Louis D. 

A Bibliographical Guide to the Study of Southern Literature . 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969. 

Skidmore, Hubert. 

River Rising! Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1939. 
Taliaferro, Harden E. 

Carolina Humor . Richmond: Dietz Press, 1936. Originally published in 
Southern Literary Messenger , Richmond, Virginia, from November I860' 
to October 1863. 

Fisher's River (North Carolina| Scenes and Characters . New York: 

Harper & Brothers, 1859. Reprint edition. New York: Arno Press, 1977. 



























































































































































- 59 - 


Taylor, Wei ford Dunaway. 

Virginia Authors: Past and Present . Richmond: Virginia Association 
of Teachers of English, 1972. 

Watkins, Floyd C., and Charles Hubert Watkins. 

Yesterday in the Hills: Earthy and Nostalgic Tales of the 

Southern Hill Folk. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1963. 

West, John Foster. 

Time Was . Boone, North Carolina: Folkways Press, 1978. 

Whiting, Bartlett Jere. 

"Proverbial Sayings from 'Fisher's River, North Carolina'." 

Southern Folklore Quarterly , volume 11, number 3, 1947, pp. 173-185. 

Williams, Cratis D. 

"Mountain Customs, Social Life, and Folk Yarns in Taliaferro's 
Fisher's River (North Carolina) Scenes and Characters," North 
Carolina Folklore , volume 16, number 3, November 1968, pp. 143-152. 


FOLKLIFE STUDIES 


Material Culture-Dwellings and Outbuildings 

Architects' Emergency Committee. 

Great Georgian Houses of America: Volume I, Virginia Houses . 

New York: Kalkhoff Press, 1933-1937. Reprint edition. New York: 

Dover Publishers, Inc., 1970. 

Carter, Thomas. 

"The Joel Cockhouse: Meadows of Dan, Patrick County, Virginia." 
Southern Folklore Quarterly, volume 39, number 4, December 1975, 
pp. 329-340. 

Dietz, F. Meredith. 

Photographic Studies of Old Virginia Homes and Gardens . 

Revised and enlarged. Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., n.d. 

Farrar, Emmie Ferguson. 

Old Virginia Houses: The Mobjack Bay County & Along the James. 

New York: Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.), 1957. 

Fitch, James Marston. 

American Buildings, 2: The Environmental Forces that Shape It . 

Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. 

Forman, Henry Chandlee. 

The Architecture of the South: The Medieval Style, 1585-1850 . 

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1948. 

Frary, I.T. 

Early American Doorways . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina 
Press, 1937. 




















































































- 60 - 


Glassie, Henry. 

“The Appalachian Log Cabin." Mountain Life ana Work , 
volume 39, number 4, Winter 1963, pp. 5-14. 

Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Structural Analysis of 

Historic Artifacts . Knoxville: University of Tennessee 
Press, 1975. 

"The Old Barns of Appalachia." Mountain Life and Work , 
volume 40, number 2, Summer 1965, pp. 21-30. 

Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United 

States . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968. 

"The Pennsylvania Barn in the South." Pennsylvania Folklife , 
volume 15, number 2, Winter 1965-66, pp. 8-19. 

"The Smaller Outbuildings of the Southern Mountains." 

Mountain Life and Work , volume 40, number 1, Spring 1964, 
pp. 21-25. 

"Southern Mountain Houses: A Study in American Folk Culture." 
Master's Thesis, American Folk Culture Program, Cooperstown, 
State University of New York College at Oneonta, 1965. 

"The Types of the Southern Mountain Cabin," in The Study of 
American Folklore , edited by Jan Brunvand, New York: W. W. 
Norton & Company, Inc., 1968, pp. 338-370. 

Hall, Joseph S. 

Smoky Mountain Folks and Their Lore . Asheville: Published 
in cooperation with Great Smoky Mountain Natural History 
Association, 1960. 

Hamlin, Talbot. 

Greek Revival Architecture in America . New York: Dover 
Publishers, Inc., 1964. 

Hatcher, J. Wesley. 

"Appalachian America." In Culture in the South , edited by 
W. T. Couch, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina 
Press, 1935. 
















































































- 61 - 


Herman, Bernard L. and David G. Orr. 

"Pear Valley et^ al_: An Excursion into the Analysis of Southern 
Vernacular Architecture." Southern Quarterly , volume 39, number 4, 
December 1975, pp. 300-328. 

Hitch, Margaret A. 

"Life in a Blue Ridge Hollow." The Journal of Geography , 
volume 30, number 8, 1931, pp. 309-322. 

Hoffman, Michael A. and Robert W. Vernon. 

A List of Classified Structures for the Shenandoah National Park . 

Charlottesville: Laboratory of Archeology, Department of 

Anthropology, University of Virginia, April 5, 1976, pp. 1-10. 

Howells, John Mead. 

Lost Examples of Colonial Architecture. Buildings That Have 

Disappeared Or Been So Altered as to Be Denatured . New York: 

W. Helburn, Inc., 1931 .^Rejfrint edition. New York: Dover 
Publishers, Inc., 196>.^ 

Hunter, Thomas Lomax. , 

"The Old Farmhouse." Northern Neck of Virgi n ia Historical Magazine , 
volume 7, number 1, December 1957, pp. 649-651. 

7 

Isham, Norman Morrison. 

Early American Houses; and, A Glossary of Colonial Architectural 

Terms . Reprint edition. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp. (DaCapo 
Press), 1977. A reprint of two works published originally by the 
Walpole Society: Early American Houses , published in 1928, and 
A Glossary of Colonial Architectural Terms published in 1939 
in Boston. 

Kimball, Fiske. 

Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early 

Republic. New York: Dover Publishers, Inc., 1966. 

Kniffen, Fred 

"On Corner-Timbering." Pioneer America , volume 1, 1969, pp. 1-8. 

_, and Henry Glassie. 

"Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place 
Perspective." The Geographical Review , volume 56, number 1, 1966, 
pp. 53-65. 

Mead, Edward Campbell. 

Historic Homes of the South-West Mountains of Virginia . 

Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1899. 

Mercer, Henry C. 

"The Origin of Log Houses in the United States." In Collections of 
Papers Read Before the Bucks County Historical Society ,volume 5, 
1926, pp. 568-583. 

























































- 62 - 


Millar, John Fitzhugh. 

The Architects of the American Colonies, or, Vitruvius Americanus . 

Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Publishers, 1968. 

Morley, Margaret W. 

The Carolina Mountains . Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 
V9U. 

Mumford, Lewis. 

The South in Architecture . New York: Harcourt, Brace, and 
Company, 1941. 

Nichols, Frederick Doveton. 

"The Early Architecture of Virginia: Original Sources and Books." 

In Papers of the American Association of Architectural Bib!iographers , 

Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1965-1966, 

volume 1, pp. 81-128, volume 2, pp. 51-113. 

Rapoport, Amos. 

House Form and Culture . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice- 
Hall, Foundations of Cultural Geography Series, 1969. 

Reif, Rita. 

Treasure Rooms of America's Mansions, Manors and Houses . New York: 
Dover Publishers, Inc., 1970. 

Shoemaker, Alfred L., editor . 

The Pennsylvania Barn . Lancaster: Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore 
Center, 1955. 

Steere, Edward. 

Report on Preservation: Structures in the Shenandoah National Park . 

Luray, Virginia: Shenandoah National Park, 1936, pp. 37-40. 

Terrel 1, Isaac Long. 

Old Houses in Rockingham County, 1750-1850 . Verona, Virginia: 

McClure Printing Co., 1970. 

Walton, James. 

"Upland Houses: The Influence of Mountain Terrain on British Folk 
Building." Antiquity , volume 30, number 119, September 1956, 
pp. 142-148. 

Waterman, Thomas Tileston, and^ John A. Barrows. 

Domestic Colonial Architecture of Tidewater Virginia . New York: 

C. Scribner's Sons, 1932. Reprint edition. New York: Plenum 
Publishing Corp. (DaCapo Press), 1968. 




































































































































































- 63 - 


Wayland, John W. 

Historic Homes on Northern Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle 
of West Virginia . Verona, Virginia: McClure Printing Co., 1937. 

Weslager, C. A. 

The Log Cabin in America: From Pioneer Days to the Present. 

New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. 

Wilhelm, Eugene J., Jr. 

The Blue Ridge: Man and Nature in Shenandoah National Park and 

the Blue Ridge Parkway . Charlottesville, Virginia: The University 

of Virginia Press, 1968. 

"The Blue Ridge Mill Complex." Pioneer America, volume 1, 1969, 
pp. 17-21. - 

"Folk Geography of the Blue Ridge Mountains." Pioneer America, 
volume 2, 1970, pp. 29-40. 

"Folk Settlements in the Blue Ridge Mountains." Appalachian Journal, 
volume 5, number 2, Winter 1978, pp. 204-245. 

Williams, Henry Lionel and K. Ottalie. 

A Treasury of Great American Houses . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
1966. 

Wilson, Eugene M. 

"The Single Pen House in the South." Pioneer America , 
volume 2, number 1, January 1970, pp. 21-28. 

Works Projects Administration. 

North Carolina: A Guide to the Old North State . Chapel Hill: 
University of North Carolina Press, 1939. 

Wright, Martin. 

"The Antecedents of the Double-Pen House Type." Annals of the 
Association of American Geographers, volume 48, number 2, June 1950, 
pp.' 105-107. 

Zim, Herbert S. 

Report on the Houses and House Sites of Upper Nicholson Hollow: 

Shenandoah National Park. Luray, Virginia: Shenandoah National 
Park, February 1944, pp. 1-19. 

The Up-and-Down Sawmill and Adjacent Buildings on Lee Highway. 

Luray, Virginia: Shenandoah National Park, 1944. 
























































































- 64 - 


Material Culture—Smaller Artifacts. Crafts, Tombstones, Folk Art, Foodways, etc. 


The Blue Ridge Cook Book . 

Boyce, Virginia: circa 1955. 

Bullock, Helen Claire. 

The Williamsburg Art of Cookery: A Collection of Early Virginia 

Recipes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., n.d. 

Carson, Jane. 

Colonial Virginia Cookery . Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press 
of Virginia, Williamsburg Research Studies, 1968. 

Carter, Bobby G. 

"Folk Methods of Preserving and Processing Food." Johnson City, 

Tennessee: Institute of Regional Studies, East Tennessee State 
University, Monograph number 3, 1966, pp. 27-31. 

Chiles, Mary Ruth, and Mrs. William P. Trotter, editors . 

Mountain Makin's in the Smokies: A Cookbook . Gatlinburg, Tennessee: 

Great Smoky Mountain Natural History Association, 1957. 

De Virginia Harnbook by De 01' Virginia Hamcook . 

Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., n.d. 

Eaton, Allen H. 

Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands . New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 
1937. Reprint edition, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1973. 

Erskine, Ralph. 

"Adventures Among the Mountain Craftsmen." In The Great Smokies and the 
Blue Ridge, edited by Roderick, Peattie, New York: Vanguard, 1943, 

pp. 200-216. 

Glassie, Henry. 

Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States . 

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968. 

Goodrich, Frances Louisa. 

Mountain Homespun . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931. 

Harland, Marion. 

Marion Harland's Complete Cook Book . Indianapolis: Bobbs, Merrill, 1906. 
Hilliard, Sam. 

"Hog Meat and Cornpone: Food Habits in the Antebellum South." 

Philadelphia: In Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 
volume 113, January, 1969, pp. 1-13. 

Horwitz, Elinor Lander. 

Mountain People, Mountain Crafts . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1974. 















































































- 65 - 


Joyner, Charles W. 

"Dulcimer Making in Western North Carolina: Creativity in a 
Traditional Mountain Craft." Southern Folklore Quarterly, 
volume 39, number 4, December 1975, pp. 341-362. 

Kirkwood, t James J. 

"Land of Make-Do or Do-Without: Walled in by the Appalachians. 
Journal o f the Roanoke Historical Society , volume 4, number 2, 
Winter 1968. 

The Ladies of Saint John's Evangelical and Reformed Church. 

The Guild Cook Book . Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., n.d. 


Mansur, Caroline E. 

The Virginia Hostess: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century . 

Volume 1, Collations, Comfits and Drams: Being 100 Receipts from 
Eighteenth Century Cookbooks , etc. Mount Vernon, Virginia: 
Virginia Hostess, 1960. 

Moore, J.Roderick 

"Early Craftsmen." Journal of the Roanoke Historical Society , 
volume 6, number 2, Winter 1970. 

Parris, John. 

My Mountains, My People. Asheville: Citizen-Times Publishinq Co., 
1957. 

Phillips, Ulrich Bonne!. 

Life and Labor in the Old South . Boston: Little, Brown, and 
Company, 1929. 

Powhatan School. 

The Powhatan Cook Book: Cooking for Company . Winchester: Powhatan 
School, 1971. 

Saint Margaret's Chapter, Grace Church, Walker's Parish. 

Favorite Recipes from Old Virginia . Charlottesville: 1965. 

Smith, Elmer L. 

Arts and Crafts of the Shenandoah Valley: A Pictorial Presentation 

Lebanon, Pennsylvania: Applied Arts Publishers, 1968. 

Shenandoah Valley Cooking. Recipes and Kitchen Lore . Lebanon, 
Pennsylvania: Applied Arts Publishers, 1970. 

Tarpley, Fred. 

"Southern Cemeteries: Neglected Archives for the Folklorist." 
Southern Folklore Quarterly , volume 27, December 1963, pp. 323-333 

University of Virginia Hospital Circle. 

The Monti cello Cook Book. Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., n.d. 


"The Old Rail Fence." Virginia Cavalcade , volume 12, number 1, 
Summer 1962, pp. 33-40. 












































































- 66 - 


Virginia Federation of Home Demonstration Clubs. 

Recipes From Old Virginia . Revised edition, Richmond: Dietz 
Press, Inc., 1946. 

Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society. 

Gravestone Inscriptions from 61 Graveyards, Winchester and 

Frederick County, Virginia: (Death dates range from the 

the 1700's to the early 190Q's) . Winchester: Winchester- 

Frederick County Historical Society, 1960. 

Women's Auxiliary of the Olivet Episcopal Church in Fairfax County. 

Virginia Cookery Past & Present: Including a Manuscript Cook Book 

of the Lee and Washington Families Published for the First 

Time . Alexandria, Virginia: Woman's Auxiliary of the Olivet 
Episcopal Church, 1957. 

Women of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ivy, Virginia. 

Church Mouse Cook Book . Chariottessvilie, Virginia: The 
New Dominion Bookshop, n.d. 

Wust, Klaus. 

Folk Art in Stone: Southwest Virginia . Edinburg, Virginia: 
Shenandoah History, 1970. 


Narrative 


Botkin, Benjamin A. 

A Treasury of Southern Folklore. New York: Crown Publishers, 

Inc., 1949. 

Carter, .Isabel Gordon. 

"Mountain White Folk-Lore: Tales from the Southern Blue Ridge." 

Journal of American Folk-Lore , volume 38, number 149, 1925, pp.340-374. 


Chase, Richard. 

The Jack Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1943. 


Dial, Wylene P. 

"Appalachian Dialect: Vivid, Virile, and Elizabethan." 

Journal of the Roanoke Historical Society , volume 6, number 1 
Summer 1969, pp. 


Ginther, Herman. 

Captain Staunton's River . Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., 1968. 
Glassie, Henry. 

"Three Southern Mountain Jack Tales." Tennessee Folklore Society 
Bulletin, volume 30, number 3, December 1964, pp. 88-102. 


Hall, Joseph S. 

"Bear-Hunting Stories from the Great Smokies." Tennessee Folklore 
Society Bulletin , volume 23, number 3, September 1957, pp. 67-75. 




















































































































































































































































- 67 - 


Sayings From Old Smoky: Some Traditional Phrases, Expressions , 

and Sentences Heard In the Great Smoky Mountains and Nearby Areas. 

An Intr oduction t o A Southern Mountain Dialect . Asheville, North 
Carolina: The Catalouchee Press, 1972. 

Smoky Mountain Folks and Their Lore. Asheville, North Carolina: 

Great Smoky Mountain Natural History Association, 1960. 

Hanson, Raus McDill. 

Virginia Place Names: Derivations, Historical Uses . Verona, Virginia: 
McClure Printing Co., 1969. 

Hiden, Martha W. 

How Justice Grew, Virginia Counties: An Abstract of their 

Formation . Williamsburg, Virginia: Virginia 350th Anniversary 
Celebration Corporation, 1957, Jamestown 350th Anniversary Historical 
Booklets, No. 19. 


Lee, Marguerite duPont. 

Virginia Ghosts . Berryville: Virginia Book Co., 1966. 


McNeil, W. K. 

"Appalachian Folklore Scholarship." In A Guide to Appalachian Studies , 
special issue of the Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, Autumn 
1977, pp. 55-64. 


Peel, Alfreda Marion. 

Witch in the Mill. Richmond: Dietz Press, Inc., 1947. 


Percy, Alfred. 

Exploring the Present and Past: Central Virginia Blue Ridge. 

Madison Heights, Virginia: Percy Press, 1952. 

Old Place Names . Madison Heights, Virginia: Percy Press, n.d. 


Robinson, Morgan P. 

"Virginia Counties." Bulletin of the Virginia State Library , volume 
9. Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1916. 

Rogers, P. Burwel1. 

Virqinia Counties. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, October 
1972, Virginia Place Name Society Occasional Paper, number 16. 

Virginia State Library Publications. 

A Hornbook of Virginia History . Revised second edition, Richmond: 
Virginia State Library, Virginia State Library Publications 
number 25, 1965. 

Washburn, Benjamin E. 

A Country Doctor in the Southern Mountains . Asheville, North Carolina: 
Stephens Press, 1955. 















































































































- 68 - 


White, Newman Ivey, general editor . 

The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore . Volume 1. 
Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1952-1964. 

Williams, Cratis. 

"Fabulous Characters in the Southern Mountains." North Carolina 
Folklore , volume 6, number 2, December 1958, pp. 1-7. 

"Mountain Speech." Mountain Life and Work , volumes 37-40, 

10 parts running serially from Spring 1961-Spring 1964. 

Wolfram, Walt. 

Appalachian Speech . Arlington, Virginia: Center for Applied Linguistics, 
1976. 

"On the Linguistic Study of Appalachian Speech and A Bibliography 
of Appalachian English." Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, 

Autumn 1977, pp. 92-102. 


Religion, Recreation, Social Life, and Customs 

Andrews, Charles M. 

Colonial Folkways . New York: United States Publishers Association, 
Inc., (The Yale Chronicles of America number 9), 1975. 

Bailey, Kenneth K. 

Southern White Protestantism in the Twentieth Century . Gloucester, 
Massachusetts: Peter Smith, n.d. 

Brewer, D.C. and W. D. Weatherford. 

Life and Religion in Southern Appalachia. New York: Friendship Press, 
1962. 

Bruce, Philip Alexander. 

Social Life in Old Virginia . 2 volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's 
Sons, 1910. 

Social Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century . Richmond: 

Whittet and Shepperson, 1907. Reprint edition, New York: Frederick 
Ungar Publishing Co., Inc., 1964. 

Campbell, John C. 

The Southern Highlander and His Homeland . New York: Russell Sage 
Foundation, 1921. Reprint edition, Spartanburg, South Carolina: 

The Reprint Company, 1973. 

Carson, Jane. 

Colonial Virginians at Play . Charlottesville: University Press of 
Virginia, Williamsburg Research Studies, 1965. 

Clark, Elmer T. 

The Small Sects in America . Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1937. Revised 
edition, Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1949. 




















































































- 69 - 


Coiner, Elizabeth Hampden. 

"Customs and Manners in Old Virginia at the Turn of the Eighteenth 
Century." Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Magazine , volume 7, 
number 1, December 1957, pp. 615-633. 

Cooney, Barbara. 

A Garland of Games and Other Diversions . New York: Holt, Rinehart 
and Winston, 1969. 

Dumazedier, Joffre. 

"Leisure." In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , 
volume 9, edited by David L. Sills, New York: Macmillan, 1968, 
pp. 248-254. 

Ewing, William C. 

The Sports of Colonial Williamsburg . Richmond: Dietz Press, 1937. 
Fetterman, John. 

Stinking Creek . New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1970. 

Garstad, Edwin S. 

Historical Atlas of Religion in America . New York: Harper & Row 
Publishers, 1962. 

Hitch, Margaret A. 

"Life in a Blue Ridge Hollow." The Journal of Geography , volume 30, 
number 8, 1931. 

Jackson, George Pullen. 

White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands . Chapel Hill: University 
of North Carolina Press, 1933. 

James, Charles Fenton. 

Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Virginia . 

Lynchburg: J. P. Bell Company, 1900. Reprint edition. New York: 

DaCapo Press, 1971. 

Jones, Loyal. 

"Studying Mountain Religion." In A Guide to Appalachian Studies , 
special edition of Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, Autumn 1977, 
pp. 125-130. 

Kane, Steven M. 

"Ritual Possession in a Southern Appalachian Religious Sect." Journal 
of American Folklore , volume 87, number 346, October-December, 1974, 
pp. 293-302. 

Kephart, Horace. 

Our Southern Highlanders . New York: Macmillan Co., 1929. 

Lee, Robert. 

Religion and Leisure in America: A Study in Four Dimensions . 

New York: Abingdon Press, 1964. 
























. 


































- 70 - 


Miles, Emma Bell. 

The Spirit of the Mountains . New York: J. Pott, 1905. Reprint edition, 
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975. 

Mitchell, R.D. 

"The Shenandoah Valley Frontier." Annals of the Association 
of American Geographers , volume 62, number 3, September 1972, 
pp. 461-486. 

Perry, Jim amd Betsy White. 

Le‘s Whittle Awhile: My Blue Ridge Neighbors and Friends . Greenville, 
North Carolina: Era Press, 1976. 

Reed, Andrew and James Matheson. 

"By Steamboat and Horseback to One cf the Earliest Camp Meetings 
(from 'A Narrative of the Visit to tne American Churches by the 
Deputation from the Congregational Union of England and Wales' 
by Andrew Reed and James Matheson)." Lancaster Heritage, number 1, 

April 1970. 

Sheppard, Muriel Early. 

Cabin in the Laurel. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 
1935. 

Sizer, Miriam M. 

"Christian Names in the Blue Ridge of Virginia." American Speech , 
volume 8, April 1933, pp. 34-37. 

Sutton, Brett. 

"In the Good Old Way: Primitive Baptist Tradition." In Long Journey 
Home: Folklife in the South , special edition of Southern Exposure , 
volume 5, numbers 2-3, 1977, pp. 97-105. 

Synan, Vinson. 

The Hoiiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States . Grand Rapids: 
Eerdmans, 1971. 

Thompson, Ernest Trice. 

Presbyterians in the South: Volume 1: 1607-1861. Richmond: John Knox 
Press, 1963. 

Welch, Alice Fortney and Jack. 

"Shape-Note Singing in Appalachia: An Ongoing Tradition." Goldenseal , 
volume 4, numbers 2-3, Apri1-September 1978, pp. 13-17. 

Weller, Jack. 

Yesterday's People . Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965. 
Wilhelm, Eugene J., Jr. 

"Animal Drives: A Case Study in Historical Geography." Journal of 
Geography , volume 66, 1967, pp. 327-329. 


"Animal Drives in the Southern Highlands." Mountain Life and Work , 
volume 42, 1966, pp. 6-11. 

























































- 71 - 

"Folk Culture History of the Blue Ridge Mountains." Appalachian 
Journal , volume 2, 1975, pp. 192-222. 

Williams, Cratis D. 

"Mountain Customs, Social Life, and Folk Yarns in Taliaferro's 
Fisher's River Scenes and Characters." In All-Appalachia I ssue 
of North Carolina Folklore , volume 16, number 3, November 1T68, 
pp. 143-152.’ 


Folk Music Collections, General Studies, and Criticism Relating to the 
North Carolina and Virginia Mountains. 

Abrahams, Roger and George Foss. 

Anglo-American Folksong Style . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 
Prentice Hall, 1968. 

Abrams, W. Amos. 

"Frank Proffitt: A Legend A-Burning." North Caro l ina Folklore , 
volume 14, number 2, November 1966, pp. 12-20. 

Alden, Ray G. 

"Music from Round Peak." Sing Out! , volume 21, number No'°mber- 
December 1972, pp. 1-5, 10, 11. 

Buchanan, Annabel M. 

Folk Hymns of America . New York: J. Fischer & Brother, 1938. 
Cambiare, Celestin Pierre. 

East Tennessee and Western Virginia Mountain Ballads: The Last 

Stand of American Pioneer Civilization . London, England: 

The Mitre Press, 1934. 

Carter, Isabel Gordon. 

"Some Songs and Ballads from Tennessee and North Carolina." 

Journal of American Folklore , volume 46, number 179, pp. 22-50. 

Chase, Richard. 

"The Blessings of Mary." Journal of American Folklore , volume 48, 
number 190, October-December, 1935. 

Cox, John Harrington. 

Traditional Ballads and Folk Songs Mainly from West Virginia . 1939. 
reprint edition, American Folklore Society, 1964. 

Davis, Arthur Kyle, Jr. 

Traditional Ballads of Virginia . Cambridge, Massachusetts: 

Harvard University Press, 1929. 

Folksongs of Virginia: A Descriptive Index and Classification . 

Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1944. 

More Traditional Ballads of Virginia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 
University of North Carolina Press, 1960. 




















































































- 72 - 


Davis, Stephen F. and Robert E. Nobley. 

"Norman Edmonds: Mountain Fiddler: the Grand Old Man of Blue 
Ridge Mountain Music." Old Time Music, number 9. Summer 1973. 
pp. 22-23. 

Downey, James C. 

"John Adam Granade: The 'Wild Man' of Goose Creek." Western 
Folklore , volume 33, number 1, January 1974, pp. 77-87. 

Fenton, Mike. 

"Midst the Green Fields of Virginia." Old Time Music, number 6, 

Autumn 1972, pp. 17-22. 

"The Mountain Ramblers of Galax." 2 parts. Old Time Music , 
number 21, Summer 1976, pp. 12-16; number 22, Autumn 1976, 

pp. 12-16. 

Glassie, Henry. 

"Blue Ridge Song Sampler." Mountain Life and Wo^ , volume 40, 
number 3, 1964, pp. 53-60; volume 40, number 4, 1^'\ pp. 19-28. 

Gordon, Robert Winslow. 

Folk Songs of America . New York: Works Progress Admin*.^rat’^n 
National Service Bureau, Federal Theater Project, 1938 (u -*nt of 
New York T imes article, 1927-1928). 

Green, Archie. 

"Hillbilly Music: Source and Symbol." Journal of American Folklore , 
volume 78, number 309, July-September 1965, pp. 204-225. 

Gresham, Foster B. 

"The Jew's Daughter: An Examination of Ballad Variation." Journal 
of .American Folklore, volume 47, number 186, Dctober-December 1934, pp. 

'35'8-'3Ft7 - 

Henry, Mellinger Edward. 

"American Survivals of an Old English Ballad." Journal of American 
Folklore , volume 39, number 152, 1926,pp.211-212. 

"Ballads and Songs of the Southern Highlands." Journal of American 
Folklore , volume 42, number 165, 1929, pp. 254-300. 

•"The Lexington Girl." Journal of American Folklore , volume 42, 
number 165, 1929, pp. 247-253. 

"More Songs from the Southern Highlands." Journal of American 
Folklore , volume 44, number 171, 1931, pp. 61-115. 

"Still More Ballads and Folksongs from the Southern Highlands." 

Journal of American Folklore , volume 45, number 175, 1932, pp. 1-176. 

Songs Sung in the Southern Appalachians . London, England: The Mitre 
Press, 1934. 



























































- 73 - 


Henry, Mellinger Edward, and Maurice Matteson. 

"Songs from North Carolina." Southern Folklore Quarterly , 
volume 5, number 3, 1941, pp. 137-149. 

Jabbour, Alan. 

"Folk Music." Arts in Virqinia, volume 12, number 1, Fall 1971, 

pp. 16-21. 

Jackson, George Pullen. 

White Spirituals in th? Southern Uplands . Chapel Hill, North 
Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1933. 

Jones, Loyal. 

"The Minstrel of the Appalachians: Bascom Lamar Lunsford at 91." 

John Edwards Memorial Foundation Quarterly , volume 9, number 29, 

Spring 1973, pp. 2-8. 

Joyner, Charles Winston. 

"The Craftsmanship of Frank Proffitt: Tradition and Individual 
Talent in Folklore." Tennessee Folklore Society bu lletin , volume 32, 
number 1, March 1966, pp. 1-5. 

Lair, John. 

"High Jinks on White Top!" Old Time Music, number 2, A. 'n .971, 
pp. 16-17. 

Lunsford, Bascom Lamar and Stringfield Lamar. 

30 and 1 Folk Songs (from the Southern Mountains) . New York: Car. 
Fischer, 1929. 

Malone, Bill C. 

Country Music, U.S.A.: A Fifty Year History . Austin, Texas and 
London, England: University of Texas Press, 1968. 

Marshall, Howard Wight. 

"'Keep on the Sunny Side of Life': Pattern and Religious Expression 
in Bluegrass Gospel Music." New York Folklore Quarterly , 
volume 30, number 1, March 1974, pp. 3-43. 

Matteson, Maurice. 

Beech Mountain Folk Songs and Ballads . New York: G. Schirmer, Inc., 
1936. 

Mendel son, Michael. 

"A Bibliography of Fiddling in North America." John Edwards Memorial 
Foundation Quarterly . Volume 11, number 38, Spring 1975, pp. 104-111; 
volume 11, number 39, Summer 1975, pp. 153-160; volume 11, number 40, 
Winter 1975, pp. 201-204; volume 12, number 41, Spring 1976, pp. 9-14; 
volume 12, number 43, Autumn 1976, pp. 158-165. 











































. 





























- 74 - 


Murphy, Michael. 

The Appalachian Dulcimer Book. St. Clairsville, Ohio: Folksav Press. 
1976. 

Niles, John Jacob. 

The Ballad Book . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. 

Odell, Scott. 

"Folk Instruments." Ar ts in Virginia , volume 12, number l.Fall 1971, 
pp. 30-37. 

Perrow, E.C. 

/'Songs and Rhymes from the South." Journal of American Folklore , 
volume 28, number 58, 1915 pp. 129-190. 

Price, Steven D. 

Old as the Hills: The Story of Bluegrass Mu^ic . New York: Viking 
Press, 1975. 

Putnam, John F. 

The Plucked Dulcimer of the Southern Mountains . Berea, Kentucky: 
Council of the Southern Mountains, 1957. 

Richardson, Ethel Park. 

American Mountain Songs . New York: Greenberg, 1927. 

Sharp, Cecil J. 

American English Folk-Songs . New York: G. Schirmer, 1918. 

Folk-Songs of English Origin Collected in the Southern Appalachians . 

London: Oxford University Press, 1919. 

English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians . Edited by Maud 
Karpeles, volume 1 and 2. London, England: Oxford University Press, 
1932. Reprint edition 1966. 

Shellans, Herbert. 

Folk Songs of the Blue Ridge Mountains . New York: Oak Publications, 
1968. 

Street, Julia Montgomery. 

"Mountain Dulcimer." North Carolina Folklore , volume 14, number 2, 
November 1966, pp. 20-23. 

Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. 

"Vance's Song." Southern Folklore Quarterly , volume 4, number 4, 1940 
pp. 251-254. 





















































- 75 - 


Warner, Anne and^ Frank Warner. 


"Frank Noah Proffitt: Good Times and Hard Times on the Beaver Dam 


Road." 

193. 


Appalachian Journal , volume 1, number 1, Autumn 1973, pp. 163- 


"Memories of the Civil War." Family Heritage , volume 1, number 1, 
February 1978, pp. 18-21. 

Wetmore, Susannah aiid Marshall Bartholomew. 

Mountain Songs of North C a rolina . New York: G. Schirmer, 1926 

Welch, Alice Fortney and Jack. 

"Shape-note Singing in Appalachia: n Ongoing Tradition." Goldenseal, 
volume 4, numbers 2 and 3, April-September 1978, pp. 13-17. 

Whisnant, David. 

"Thicker Than Fiddlers in Hell: Issues and Resources in Appalachian 
Music." In A Guide to Appalachian Studies , special issue of 
Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, Autumn i°77, pp. 103-115. 

Wilgus, D.K. 

Anglo-American Folksong Scholarship Since 1898 . New Brunswick, New 
Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1959. 

"An Introduction to the Study of Hillbilly Music." Journal i American 
Folklore , volume 78, number 309, July-September 1965, pp. 195-203. 

Wilgus, D.K. and John Greenway, editors . 

Hillbilly Issue , Special issue of Journal of American Folklore , volume 
78, number 309, July-September 1965. 

Winans, Robert B. 

"The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth 
Century," Journal of American Folklore , volume 89, number 354, October- 
December 1976, pp. 407-43/. 

Bronson, Bertrand Harris. 

The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads with Their Texts, 

According to the Extant Records of Great Britain and America , 

4 volumes. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 

1959-1972. 




































































- 76 - 


White, Newman Ivey, general editor . 

The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore . 

7 volumes. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 
1952-1964. 

Volume 2. Folk Ballads . Edited by Henry M. Bel den and 
Arthur Palmer Hudson, 1952. 

Volume 3. Folk Songs . Edited by Henry M. Bel den and Arthur 
Palmer Hudson, 1952. 

Volume 4. The Music of the Ballads. Edited by Jan P. Shinhan, 

1957. 

\ 

Volume 5. The Music of the Songs . Edited by Jan P. Shinhan, 
1962. 















APPENDIX 1 


77 - 


SELECTED LIST OF RELEVANT PERIODICALS CURRENTLY 
PUBLISHED IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA 


Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review . Quarterly. 

Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608. 


Highland Heritage . Annually. 

Emory & Henry College, Emory, Virginia 24327. 


Highland Highlights . Monthly. 

Southern Highland Handicraft Guild, Box 9145, Asheville, North Carolina 
28805. 


Journal of the Roanoke H istorical Society. 

P. 0. *Box 1904, Roanoke, Virginia 24008. 


Laurel Leaves . Irregularly. 

Appalachian Consortium Press, Boone, North Carolina 28607. 

Mountain Life and Work: The Magazine of the Appalachian Souti. 11 issues a yeai 
Council of the Southern Mountains, Drawer N, Clintwood, n«..ia 24228. 

North Carolina Folklore Journal . Irregularly. 

Box 5998, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611. 

North Carolina Historical Review . Quarterly. 

Department of Archives and History, State Library Building, 109 E. 

Jones Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611. 

The Plow: The Monthly Magazine for Mountain People . Semi-monthly. 

Appalachian Information, Box 1222, Abingdon, Virginia 24210. 

Southern Exposure. Quarterly. 

Box 230, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 

Virginia Magazine of History and Biography . Quarterly. 

Virginia Historical Society, Box 7311, Richmond, Virginia 23221. 


For a comprehensive listing of important periodicals see "Appendix C: A 
Guide to Current Periodicals" in A Guide to Appalachian Studies , 
special issue of Appalachian Journal , volume 5, number 1, Autumn 1977, pp. 160- 
164. 


i 





































- 78 - 


APPENDIX 2 


SELECTED FOLKLIFE ARCHIVES 

Blue Ridge Institute of Ferrum College 

Ferrum, Virginia 24088 

Contact: Roddy Moore, Associate Director 

The Blue Ridge Institute operates and oversees a wide variety of pro¬ 
jects which preserve ana maintain the traditional cultural expressions 
of the region in which it is located. Among these projects are the Blue 
Ridge Folklife Festival which is held each fall; the Blue Ridge Farm 
Museum, which features reconstructed farms from three different settlement 
periods of Blue Ridge history; and a counterpart to the museum. The Blue 
Ridge Heritage Library. The Library is an archive of historical and 
folklore research materials of various formats including a collection of 
television documentary programs focusing on the musical styles of the 
Upland South. 


Appalachian Collection 
Belk Library 

Appalachian State University 
Boone, North Carolina 28607 

This collection contains tapes, phonographic recordings, p. .ographs, 
and over 10,000 bound volumes. 


Bascom Lamar Lunsford Collection 
Appalachian Room 

Memorial Library, Mars Hill College 
Mars Hill, North Carolina 28754 
Contact: Laurel Horton 

Collection is of Lunsford's personal materials. 


Folk Music Archives 
103 Hill Hall 

University of North Carolina 
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 
Contact: Daniel Patterson 

Contains over 400 reels of field recordings, many of which have been 
shared with the Library of Congress Archive of Folk Song. Focuses primarily 
on North Carolina. 








- 79 - 


APPENDIX 2, page 2 


The Archive of Folk Song 
Library of Congress 
Washington, D. C. 20540 
Contact: Joseph C. Hickerson 

Established within the Music Division of the Library of Congress 
and operative since 1928, the Archive of Folk Song has amassed 
numerous and wide-ranging collections. The Archive houses over 26,000 
recordings-cylinders, discs, wire spools and tapes and over 225,000 
sheets of manuscript material. It is particularly strong in recordings 
from the Appalachians, the Deep South, the Ozark area, and Texas. 


Archive of Virginia Folklore 
Department of English 
University of Virginia 
Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 

Holdings of this archive include the Arthur KyU Davis Collection 
of personal papers, miscellaneous material's, and an inde.. to the materials 
of the Virginia Folklore Society held in the manuscripts oivision of the 
Alderman Library. 


Joseph S. Hall Great Smoky Mountains Collection of Speech, Music, .d Folklore 

1455 Lemoyne Street 

Los Angeles, California 90026 

Hall collected many genres in the Smoky Mountain region since 
1937, including accounts of early times, old practices of farming, hunting, 
and cooking, as well as hunting yarns and folktales. Much of his collection 
has been duplicated by the Archive of Folk Song in the Library of Congress 
and is available there for restricted use. 

WPA Folklore Archives 
Alderman Library 
University of Virginia 
Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 

Contains materials collected during WPA programs and miscellaneous 


i terns. 















































DISCOGRAPHY 

























ARHOGLIE 

5002 

ATLANTIC 

SD A 1346 

SD A 1347 

SD A 1349 

SD A 1350 

BIOGRAPH 

600 ^ 

6004 

6005 
6003 

BLUE RIDGE INSTITUTE 
001 
002 

COUNTY 

504 

505 

507 

509 

510 


- 80 - 


DISCOGRAPHY 


J.E. MAINER'S MOUNTAINEERS 


SOUNDS OF THE SOUTH 

Volume 1 of SOUTHERN FOLK HERITAGE SERIES 
Mono Series HS 1 

BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAIN MUSIC 
Volume 2 of SOUTHERN FOLK HERITAGE SERIES 

WHITE SPIRITUALS 

Vol'.me 4 of SOUTHERN FOLK HERITAGE SERIES 

AMERICAN FOLK SONGS FOR CHILDREN 
Volume 5 of SOUTHERN FOLK HERITAGE SERIES 


FIELDS AND WADE WARD 
BETSY RUTHERFORD 
CHARLIE POOLE 1928-30 
ORIGINAL BOG TROTTERS 


NON-BLUES SECULAR BLACK MUSIC 
BALLADS FROM BRITISH TRADITION 


MOUNTAIN SONGS 

Various old-time string bands 

CHARLIE POOLE & THE N.C. RAMBLERS 
1925-30 recordings 

OLD-TIME FIDDLE CLASSICS 
Anthology of champion old-time fiddlers 

CHARLIE POOLE & THE N.C. RAMBLERS 
Volume 2 

THE RED FOX CHASERS 

Carolina string band, 1928-30 recordings 

















































































































































COUNTY (Continued) 


- 81 - 


511 

512 

513 

515 

516 

522 

523 

524 

525 


526 

527 

531 

701 

702 

705 


MOUNTAIN BLUES 

Sam McGee, Dock Boggs, Dick Justice, more 

A DAY IN THE MOUNTAINS-!928 
Old-time mountain humor, various string 
bands 

GRAYSON & WHITTER 

Songs and ballads, recorded 1927-30 

MOUNTAIN BANJO SONGS & TUNES 
Recorded 1925*1933 

THE LEGEND OF CHARLIE POOLE 
Volume 3 

OLD-TIME BALLADS FROM THE SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS 
Various bands 

OLD-TIME MOUNTAIN GUITAR 
Finger-style guitar, I^ 9 6-30 

DA COSTA WOLTZ'S SOUTHERN BkL CASTERS 
with Ben Jarrell & Frank Jenkins 

A FIDDLER'S CONVENTION IN MOUNTAIN CI7\, 
TENNESSEE 

1924-30 recordings of participants at 
Mountain City convention 

THE SKILLET LICKERS 

Volume 2, with Tanner, Puckett, Stokes 
& McMichen 

i 

OLD-TIME FIDDLE CLASSICS 
Volume 2-1920s recordings 

OLD-TIME STRING BAND CLASSICS 
Various old-time bands, 1927-33 

CLAWHAMMER BANJO 

Wade Ward, Kyle Creed, Fred Cockerham, 
George Stoneman 

LARRY RICHARDSON & THE BLUE RIDGE BOYS 
Bluegrass from Virginia 

VIRGINIA BREAKDOWN 
Otis Burris, Buddy Pendleton, Sonny 
Miller 
































































32 - 


COUNTY (Continued) 

708 RAY & INA PATTERSON 

Old-time ballads and hymns 

709 THE CAMP CREEK BOYS 

Old-time string band from the Blue Ridge 

711 E.C. BALL AND THE FRIENDLY GOSPEL SINGERS 

With Charles Hodges and Charles Harless 
(Ashe) 

713 DOWN AT THE CIDER MILL 

Tommy Jarrell, Fred Cockerham & Oscar 
Jenkins 

715 RAY & INA PATTERSON 

Volume 2, mandolin and guitars 

716 EASTER BROTHERS & GK. ~N VALLEY QUARTET 

Bluegrass gospel 

717 MORE CLAWHAMMER BANJO 

Various artists 

718 ERNEST EAST & THE PINE RIDGE BOYS 

Old-time band from N.C. 

720 THE MOUNTAIN RAMBLERS & JOE DRYE 

Mountain dance band 

723 JENKINS, JARRELL, & COCKERHAM 

Volume 2, "Back Home in The Blue Ridge" 

731 THE FOOT HILL BOYS 

Cullen Galyean & Wayburn Johnson 

734 THE RUSSELL FAMILY 

Old-time mountain dulcimer 

737 RAY & INA PATTERSON 

Volume 3, "Songs of Home & Childhood" 

741 JENKINS, JARRELL, & COCKERHAM 

Volume 3, "Stay All Night" 

746 BLUE RIDGE BARN DANCE 

Gray Craig, Kimble Family, Jim Willie 
Pruitt 

748 TOMMY JARRELL'S BANJO ALBUM 

"Come and Go With Me" 




























I 


























































































/ 






















- 33 - 


COUNTY (Continued) 


749 

SPRINGTIME IN THE MOUNTAINS 

Ted Lundy, Red Allen, Larry Richardson 
Happy Smith 

756 

TOMMY JARRELL'S FIDDLE ALBUM 
"Sail Away Ladies" 

763 

THE CONNOR BROTHERS 

With Billy Edwards and Gene Elder 

FOLK LEGACY 


1 

FRANK PROFITT 

2 

JOSEPH ABLE TRJVETT 

6 

RICHARD CHASE 

14 

RAY HICKS 

17 

HOBART SMITH 

22 

TRADITIONAL MUSIC FROM BEECH jUNTAIN, 
NORTH CAROLINA 

Volume 1 

23 

TRADITIONAL MUSIC FROM BEECH MOUNTAIN, 
NORTH CAROLINA 

Volume 2 

24 

CAROLINA TAR HEELS 

36 

FRANK PROFFITT MEMORIAL ALBUM 

FOLKWAYS 


2315 

THE STONEMAN FAMILY 

2350 

TOM (CLARENCE; ASHLEY AND TEX ISLEY 

2355 

OLD-TIME MUSIC AT CLARENCE ASHLEY'S 

2359 

CLARENCE ASHLEY'S CLD-TIME MUSIC, #2 

2360 

FRANK PROFFITT SINGS FOLK SONGS 

2362 

HORTON BAKER: TRADITIONAL SONGS 






















































































- 84 - 


FOLKWAYS (Continued) 


2365 

MOUNTAIN MUSIC PLAYED ON AUTOHARP 
Stoneman, Snow, Ward, Seeger 

2366 

DOC WATSON AND FAMILY 

2380 

UNCLE WADE: WADE WARD MEMORIAL 

2434 

37th.OLD-TIME FIDDLERS CONVENTION 

2435 

GALAX VIRGINIA FIDDLE CONTEST 

2650 

COUNTRY BANDS 

Volume 1 

2651 

SONGS 

Volume 2 

2652 

SONGS 

Volume 3 

2653 

SONGS 

Volume 4 

2654 

PLAY AND DANCE 

Volume 5 

2655 

RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR 

Volume 6 

2656 

ELDERS 

Volume 7 

2657 

YOUNGSTERS 

Volume 8 

2658 

WORSHIP 

Volume 9 

2659 

BEEN HERE AND GON 

Volume 10 

2951 

AMERICAN FOLK MUSIC ANTHOLOGY 

Volume 1 

2952 

AMERICAN FOLK MUSIC ANTHOLOGY 

Volume 2 

2953 

AMERICAN FOLK MUSIC ANTHOLOGY 

Volume 3 

3811 

TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF GRAYSON & CARROLL 
COUNTIES, VIRGINIA 








































FOLKWAYS (Continued) 

3830 

3831 

3832 

31021 

GALAX 

30-39 

HISTORICAL 

8001 

8002 

8003 

8004 

8005 
KANAWHA 

318 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
LI 

L2 


- 85 - 


VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN BOYS WITH GLEN NEAVES 

PERSISTENCE & CHANGE: BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAIN 
SONGS WITH WADE WARD 

BAND MUSIC OF GRAYSON & CARROLL COUNTIES 
WITH WADE WARD 

DOC WATSON FAMILY 


GALAX FIDDLE CONVENTION 1965-74 


EARLY COUNTRY MUSIC 
Volume 1 

EARLY COUNTRY MUSIC 
Volume 2 

TRADITIONAL COUNTRY CLASSICS 
ERNEST V. STONEMAN 
CHARLIE POOLE, 1926-30 


JIMMY EDMONDS & THE VIRGINIA CAROLINA 
BUDDIES 


ANGLO-AMERICAN BALLADS 

Recorded in various parts of U.S. by 
John and Alan Lomax and others, 1934-41 

ANGLO-AMERICAN SHANTIES, LYRIC SONGS, 

DANCE TUNES AND SPIRITUALS 
Recorded in various parts of U.S. by 
Alan Lomax, Herbert Hal pert and others, 
1937-41 





































LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (Continued) 


- 86 - 


L 7 

L 9 

L 14 

L 21 

L 47 

L 48 

L 49 

L 57 

L 58 

L 62 

L 65 - 


ANGLO-AMERICAN BALLADS 

Recorded in Kentucky, North Carolina, and 
Virginia by Alan Lomax, Herbert Halpert, 
and Fletcher Collins, 1937-42 

PLAY AND DANCE SONGS AND TUNES 
Recorded in southern and mid-western 
U.S. by several collectors, 1936-42 

ANGLO-AMERICAN SONGS AND BALLADS 
Recorded in various states by Artus 
Moser, Vance Randolph, and Duncan 
Emrich, 1941-46 

ANGLO-AMERICAN SONGS AND BALLADS 
Recorded in various parts of U.S. by 
several collector. 1938-47 

JACK TALES 

Told by Mrs. Maud Long Hr*- Springs, 
North Carolina, 1947 

JACK TALES 

Told by Mrs. Maud Long of Hot Springs, 
North Carolina, 1947 

THE BALLAD HUNTER, PARTS I AND II 
Cheyenne: Songs from the range and hill 
country 

CHILD BALLADS TRADITIONAL IN THE UNITED 
STATES 

Volume I Recorded in various parts of 
U.S. by several collectors, 1935-46. 
Edited by Bertrand H. Bronson 

CHILD BALLADS TRADITIONAL IN THE UNITED 
STATES 

Volume II Recorded in various parts of 
U.S. by several collectors, 1936-50. 
Edited by Bertrand H. Bronson 

AMERICAN FIDDLE.TUNES 

Recorded in northern and southern U.S. 
by several collectors, 1934-46. Edited 
by Alan Jabbour 

L 66 THE HAMMONS FAMILY: A STUDY OF A WEST 

VIRGINIA FAMILY'S TRADITIONS 
Recorded by Alan Jabbour, Carl 
Fleischhauer and Dwight Diller, 1970-72. 
Edited by Car' 1 Fleischhauer and Alan 
Jabbour. 














































- 87 - 


MOUNTAIN 

301 

302 

303 

304 

305 

306 

OLD TIMEY 
100 

101 

102 

106 

107 


BLUE RIDGE STYLE SQUARE DANCE 

TOMMY JARRELL, KYLE CREED, BOB PATTERSON, 
A. LINEBERRY 

KYLE CREED & BOBBY PATTERSON "MOUNTAIN 
BALLADS" 

CREED & PATTERSON "ROUSTABOUT" 

PINE RIVER BOYS "OLD TIME STRING BAND" 
THE BROWNS OF GALAX "SINGING PRAISES" 


THE STRING BANDS 
Volume I 

THE STRING BANDS 
Volume II 

BALLADS AND SONGS 

J. E. MAINER'S MOUNTAINEERS 
Volume 1 

J. E. MAINER'S MOUNTAINEERS 
Volume 2 


PRESTIGE INTERNATIONAL 

25003 BALLADS AND BREAKDOWNS FROM THE SOUTHERN 

MOUNTAINS 

25004 BANJO SONGS, BALLADS, AND REELS FROM THE 

SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS 

25009 BAD MAN BALLADS 

25011 SOUTHERN WHITE SPIRITUALS 

ROUNDER 


OLD ORIGINALS 

Volumes I and II Edited by Tom Carter 
(Volume I includes material from Patrick, 
Franklin, and Floyd Counties; Volume II 
includes materials from Carroll and 
Grayson) 

















































_ 88 . 


ROUNDER (Continued) 


0001 

GEORGE PEGRAM 

0009 

CLINT HOWARD AND FRED PRICE 

0020 

TED LUNDY 

0021 

OLA BELLE REED 

0026 

E. C. BALL 

0028 

HIGH ATMOSPHERE 

0029 

SMOKEY VALLEY BOYS 

0036 

FIELDS WARD 

0049 

PINNACLE BOYS 

1005 

GID TANNER & THE SKILLET LICKERS 

1008 

STONEMAN'S BLUE RIDGE CORN 'C K 7S 

1013 

EARLY DAYS OF BLUEGRASS 

1014 

EARLY DAYS, #2 

1015 

EARLY DAYS, #3 

1016 

EARLY DAYS, #4 

1017 

EARLY DAYS, #5 

"The Rich-R-Tone Story" 


SOVEREIGN GRACE 


6444 

OLD HYMNS LINED AND LED BY ELDER WALTER 
EVANS, SPARTA, NORTH CAROLINA 
(Alleghany) 

6058 

OLD HYMNS LINED AND LED BY ELDER WALTER 
EVANS, SPARTA, NORTH CAROLINA 

With the congregation of the Little River 

Primitive Baptist Church 

(Alleghany) 



























































































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